Acquisition of Self-Care Responsibility in Youth With Type 1 Diabetes: Opportunities for Improving Tailored Diabetes Education and Support Programs.

Background: There is gradual acquisition of type 1 diabetes self-care responsibility across childhood as youth mature and gain more independence from their family. Understanding the timing of diabetes self-care by youth can guide the tailoring of diabetes education and support programs. Objective: To investigate parent-perceived responsibility for diabetes self-care tasks across childhood. Methods: Parents/guardians of youth (ages 5-18 years) with type 1 diabetes reported parent involvement in diabetes management using the Diabetes Family Responsibility Questionnaire. Survey items were divided items into five domains: nutrition, monitoring, insulin dosing, communication, and health surveillance. Age-groups for analyses were 5-10 years (elementary school), 11-14 years (early adolescence), and 15-18 years (late adolescence). Demographic, diabetes management, and A1C data were collected at the time of survey completion. Results: Youth (n = 148, 50% male) were a mean age of 12.9 ± 3.3 years, with a mean type 1 diabetes duration of 6.2 ± 3.6 years; 66% used insulin pump therapy, and the mean A1C was 8.4 ± 1.3%. Of the parents (84% mothers, 91% White), 83% were married, and 52% were college educated. Per parent report, less parental involvement was associated with older youth age (P <0.001). Across all age-groups, more overall parental involvement was related to lower A1C (P = 0.02). Youth self-care in the nutrition domain began in elementary school, whereas self-care in monitoring and insulin dosing began in early adolescence, and self-care with regard to communication started in late adolescence. Responsibility for health surveillance remained mainly under parent care throughout childhood and adolescence. Conclusion: Providing education and support for youth during their acquisition of self-care tasks, especially those relating to nutrition, monitoring, and insulin dosing, may help to prevent glycemic deterioration later in childhood and adolescence.

Itinerário terapêutico e o lúdico no processo de cuidado à criança com diabetes: vivências do cuidador familiar / Therapeutic itinerary and playing in the care process forchildren with diabetes: experiences of the family caregiver

Introdução: Diabetes Mellitus tipo 1 é uma das doenças crônicas mais prevalentes na infância. O acompanhamento profissional das crianças com Diabetes Mellitus tipo 1 precisa ser integrativo e considerar as etapas do desenvolvimento infantil, suas experiências, e formas adequadas de comunicação e estratégias lúdicas. Objetivos: descrever as experiências e uso de recursos lúdicos, bem como identificar o itinerário terapêutico percorrido pelo cuidador da criança com Diabetes Mellitus tipo 1. Metodologia: pesquisa descritiva com abordagem qualitativa realizada com oito cuidadores familiares de crianças com três a 12 anos incompletos com Diabetes Mellitus tipo 1 em um município no Nordeste de Santa Catarina e que realizam acompanhamento no ambulatório de especialidade de um hospital infantil. Os dados foram coletados entre julho e agosto do ano de 2021, por meio de entrevistas em plataformas virtuais e analisados conforme análise temática. Resultados: foram elaboradas quatro categorias temáticas a partir das unidades de sentidos mais significativas: percepção dos sinais e sintomas e a descoberta da doença; a peregrinação nos serviços de saúde em busca de respostas; a não utilização de estratégias lúdicas para educação em saúde por profissionais da saúde; depois tudo volta a ser docinho novamente. Conclusão: o itinerário terapêutico do cuidador da criança com Diabetes Mellitus tipo 1 evidencia uma peregrinação nos serviços de saúde, falta de comunicação entre os profissionais de saúde e vínculo frágil com atenção primária.

Introduction: type 1 Diabetes Mellitus is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases in childhood. The professional monitoring of children with type 1 Diabetes Mellitus needs to be integrative and consider the stages of child development, their experiences, and appropriate forms of communication and play strategies. Objectives: to describe the experiences and use of recreational resources, as well Abstract as to identify the therapeutic itinerary followed by the caregiver of the child with type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Methodology: descriptive research with a qualitative approach carried out with eight family caregivers of children aged between three and 12 years with diabetes Mellitus type 1 in a municipality in the Northeast of Santa Catarina and who are followed up at the specialty outpatient clinic of a children's hospital. Data were collected between July and August of 2021, through interviews on virtual platforms and analyzed according to thematic analysis. Results: four thematic categories were created from the most significant sense units: perception of signs and symptoms and discovery of the disease; the pilgrimage in the health services in search of answers; the non-use of recreational strategies for health education by health professionals; then everything goes back to being sweet again. Conclusion: the therapeutic itinerary of the caregiver of the child with type 1 Diabetes Mellitus shows a pilgrimage in health services, lack of communication between health professionals and a fragile bond with primary care.

Use of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a systematic mapping review.

BACKGROUND: Among the treatments for type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion (CSII) is a device that infuses insulin through the subcutaneous tissue in an uninterrupted manner and that comes closest to the physiological secretion of insulin. The use of CSII can provide the family with greater security and children and adolescents have more autonomy in relation to the treatment of T1DM. There is a lack of reviews that systematically gather the mounting evidence about the use of CSII in children and adolescents with T1DM. Therefore, the aim of this review was to group and describe primary and secondary studies on the use of CSII in children and adolescents with T1DM. METHODS: A systematic mapping review was performed based on searches in the following databases: PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, Lilacs and PsycINFO, using a combination of descriptors and keywords. The screening of the studies was carried out with the aid of the Rayyan software and reading in full was conducted independently by two reviewers. The data extraction of the studies was performed using an extraction tool adapted and validated by researchers specialized in diabetes. The data were analyzed according to the content analysis technique. The map from geocoding of the studies was produced using the ArcGis 10.5 software. RESULTS: A total of 113 studies were included in the review, including primary studies, literature reviews and gray literature publications. The content analysis of the results of the studies allowed for the identification of four categories: 1) metabolic control; 2) support networks; 3) benefits of using CSII; and 4) challenges of using CSII, each category having its respective subcategories. The review also made it possible to conduct a rigorous mapping of the literature on the use of CSII considering the location of development and the design of the studies. CONCLUSIONS: The use of CSII should be indicated by health professionals able to prepare children, adolescents, and their families for the treatment of T1DM, and, despite being a technological device, it may not be suitable for the entire pediatric population.

The power of play in pediatric nursing: the perspectives of nurses participating in focal groups / La fuerza del jugar-cuidar en la enfermería pediátrica: perspectivas de enfermeros en grupos de enfoque / A força brincar-cuidar na enfermagem pediátrica: perspectivas de enfermeiros em grupos focais

ABSTRACT Objective: to understand how nurses assess the implementation of therapeutic play by the nursing staff in the care provided to children. Method: qualitative study addressing nurses providing pediatric care in hospitals located in five Brazilian regions. Face-to-face meetings were held with nine focal groups between January and August 2018. The sessions lasted two hours on average and were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data were analyzed through inductive thematic analysis. Results: 52 nurses reported their perspectives regarding play and therapeutic play implemented in the care provided to children, which revealed The power of Play-Care implemented in nursing care: advancements and challenges and its subthemes: using puppets/dolls and dramatizing procedures; using distraction strategies to perform the procedures; wearing colorful and fun uniforms; recognizing the power of play in nursing care; and barriers challenging the connection between play and care in nursing practice. Conclusion: the power of Play-Care is manifested in the routine of nursing care through playful attitudes; however, these attitudes appear to be individual initiatives rather than systematized in the nursing process. Hence, there is a need to expand the possibilities of teaching this topic by promoting training programs, including practical activities and virtual learning environments.

RESUMEN Objetivo: comprender cómo los enfermeros evalúan la utilización del jugar e del juguete terapéutico, en el equipo de enfermería en el cuidado a niños. Método: estudio cualitativo con enfermeros actuantes en el cuidado pediátrico hospitalario de las cinco regiones de Brasil. Nueve grupos de enfoque presenciales fueron realizados entre enero y agosto de 2018. Las sesiones tuvieron duración media de dos horas, que fueron grabadas en audio, transcritas y analizadas según el análisis temático inductivo. Resultados: 52 enfermeros relataron sus perspectivas sobre el jugar y el juguete terapéutico en el cuidado a niños, revelando La fuerza del Jugar-Cuidar en el cuidado de enfermería: avances y desafíos y, sus subtemas: uso de muñecos y la dramatización de procedimientos; uso de la distracción para realización de procedimientos; uso de uniformes coloridos y divertidos; reconocimiento de la potencia del jugar en el cuidado de enfermería y barreras desafiadoras de la conexión jugar-cuidar en enfermería. Conclusión: la fuerza del jugar-cuidar se revela en lo cotidiano del cuidar de la enfermería, por medio de actitudes lúdicas; sin embargo, fueron identificadas como individuales y no sistematizadas en el proceso de enfermería. Se revela la necesidad de ampliar las posibilidades de la enseñanza de la temática, en la forma de capacitaciones, incluyendo actividades prácticas o además, que se hagan disponibles cursos en ambientes virtuales de aprendizaje.

RESUMO Objetivo: compreender como os enfermeiros avaliam a utilização do brincar e do brinquedo terapêutico pela equipe de enfermagem no cuidado à criança. Método: estudo qualitativo com enfermeiros atuantes no cuidado pediátrico hospitalar das cinco regiões do Brasil. O total de nove grupos focais presenciais foi realizado entre janeiro e agosto de 2018. As sessões tiveram duração média de duas horas, foram audiogravadas, transcritas e analisadas segundo a análise temática indutiva. Resultados: 52 enfermeiros relataram suas perspectivas sobre o brincar e o brinquedo terapêutico no cuidado à criança, revelando A força do Brincar-Cuidar no cuidado de enfermagem: avanços e desafios e, seus subtemas: uso de bonecos e a dramatização de procedimentos; uso da distração para realização de procedimentos; uso de uniformes coloridos e divertidos; reconhecendo a potência do brincar no cuidado de enfermagem e barreiras desafiadoras da conexão brincar-cuidar em enfermagem. Conclusão: a força do brincar-cuidar se revela no cotidiano do cuidado de enfermagem por meio de atitudes lúdicas, no entanto, são identificadas como individuais e não sistematizadas no processo de enfermagem. Revela-se a necessidade de ampliação das possibilidades de ensino da temática na forma de capacitações, incluindo atividades práticas ou ainda, que sejam disponibilizados cursos em ambientes virtuais de aprendizagem.

Nurses' Perspectives on Acquiring Play-Based Competence Through an Online Course: A Focus Group Study in Brazil.

PURPOSE: The main stage of developing an educational health technology is meeting the expectations of users. Nurses in Brazil can benefit from online training about therapeutic play interventions. This study identified the learning demands of nurses for acquiring competence in the use of therapeutic play to build an online course. DESIGN AND METHODS: Focus groups study, guided by the COREQ guidelines. Nurses experienced in pediatric care participated in eight groups held in hospitals across all Brazilian regions in 2018. The focus group interviews had a mean duration of two hours and were moderated by the main researcher and an observer, both of whom were nurses experienced in qualitative research. All interviews were audio recorded. The transcripts of the audios were coded, from which the themes were developed, and thematic analysis performed. RESULTS: Nurses (N = 53, 8.5 ± 6.3 years of experience in pediatric care) reported their learning demands in three themes: "Learning theoretical concepts", "Developing therapeutic play skills", and "Learning the therapeutic play in a fun, interactive and motivational online environment". CONCLUSION: Nurses learning demands involve theoretical concepts and skills to implement therapeutic play through an interesting online course. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: By developing play-based competence through an online learning environment nurses can feel confident in implementing therapeutic play into their pediatric practice, setting the stage for a future of positive interaction between nurses and children in pediatric health care.

Strategies to educate young people with type 1 diabetes mellitus on insulin therapy: systematic review / Estrategias para educar a los jóvenes con diabetes melitus tipo 1 sobre la insulinoterapia: una revisión sistemática / Estratégias para educar jovens com diabetes mellitus tipo 1 sobre insulinoterapia: revisão sistemática

ABSTRACT Objective: to identify evidence available in the literature on educational strategies used in the teaching of insulin therapy to children and adolescents with Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Method: systematic review undertaken in five databases, using the descriptors Insulin/therapeutic use, Patient education as topic, Diabetes mellitus type 1, Child, Infant, Adolescent and keywords, without any time limit. Primary studies on insulin therapy teaching were included, while research on insulin pumps was excluded. Results: 243 studies were identified, 13 of which were included. The results present educational strategies focused on children, adolescents and young people of up to 24 years of age, applied individually or in groups; by telephone contact or text messages by mobile phone; dramatization and educational camps; by a single professional or a multidisciplinary team. The strategies described in the analyzed studies addressed the adjustment of insulin dosages in everyday situations and education for insulin management, associated with the nutritional strategy of carbohydrate counting, diabetes education with a specific module on insulin therapy and intensive insulin use. The studies analyzed the effect of the educational intervention on several clinical and behavioral outcomes, such as glycated hemoglobin and self-efficacy. Conclusion: this review could not identify a single educational strategy able to improve metabolic and psychosocial outcomes. In most cases, nurses are the professionals responsible for the development of educational strategies focused on insulin therapy in children and adolescents with diabetes, regardless of the context in which they will be deployed. This confirms their role as educators.

RESUMEN Objetivo: identificar la evidencia disponible en la literatura sobre las estrategias educativas utilizadas para enseñar la terapia con insulina a niños y adolescentes con diabetes mellitus tipo 1. Método: revisión sistemática, realizada en cinco bases de datos, con los descriptores Insulina / uso terapéutico, Educación del paciente como tema, Diabetes mellitus tipo 1, Niño, Lactante, Adolescente y palabras clave, sin delimitación de períodos. Se incluyeron estudios primarios sobre la enseñanza de la terapia con insulina y se excluyó la investigación sobre la bomba de insulina. Resultados: se identificaron 243 estudios, de los cuales se incluyeron 13. Los resultados presentan estrategias educativas dirigidas a niños, adolescentes y jóvenes hasta los 24 años, aplicadas individualmente o en grupos; por contacto telefónico o mensajes de texto por teléfono celular; juegos de rol y campamentos educativos; por un solo equipo profesional o multidisciplinar. Las estrategias descritas en los estudios analizados abordaron el ajuste de la insulina en situaciones cotidianas y la educación para el manejo de la insulina, asociadas a la estrategia nutricional de conteo de carbohidratos, educación en diabetes con módulo específico sobre terapia insulínica y uso intensivo de insulina. Los estudios analizaron el efecto de la intervención educativa sobre varios resultados clínicos y conductuales, como la hemoglobina glucosilada y la autoeficacia. Conclusión: no fue posible determinar una única estrategia sobre la terapia con insulina capaz de mejorar el control metabólico y psicosocial. El desarrollo de estrategias educativas orientadas a la terapia con insulina para niños y adolescentes con diabetes, independientemente del contexto en el que se implementen, tiene, en su mayor parte, al enfermero como profesional responsable, lo que reafirma su rol educativo.

RESUMO Objetivo: identificar evidências disponíveis na literatura sobre estratégias educativas utilizadas no ensino da insulinoterapia às crianças e adolescentes com diabetes mellitus tipo 1. Método: revisão sistemática, realizada em cinco bases de dados, com os descritores Insulin/therapeutic use, Patient education as topic, Diabetes mellitus type 1, Child, Infant, Adolescent e palavras-chave, sem delimitação de período. Incluídos estudos primários acerca do ensino da insulinoterapia e excluídas pesquisas sobre bomba de insulina. Resultados: identificados 243 estudos, dos quais foram incluídos 13. Os resultados apresentam estratégias educativas direcionadas às crianças, adolescentes e jovens de até 24 anos de idade, aplicadas de forma individual ou em grupos; por contato telefônico ou mensagens de texto por celular; dramatização e acampamentos educativos; por um único profissional ou equipe multidisciplinar. As estratégias descritas nos estudos analisados abordaram ajuste da insulina em situações cotidianas e educação para manejo da insulina, associados com a estratégia nutricional de contagem de carboidratos, educação em diabetes com módulo específico sobre insulinoterapia e uso da insulina de forma intensiva. Os estudos analisaram o efeito da intervenção educativa sobre diversos desfechos clínicos e comportamentais, como a hemoglobina glicada e autoeficácia. Conclusão: não foi possível determinar uma única estratégia sobre a insulinoterapia capaz de melhorar o controle metabólico e psicossocial. O desenvolvimento de estratégias educativas voltadas à insulinoterapia de crianças e adolescentes com diabetes, independentemente do contexto em que serão implementadas, tem, em sua maioria, o enfermeiro como profissional responsável, o que reafirma seu papel educador.

A Fun Way to Learn About Diabetes: Using Therapeutic Play in a Brazilian Camp.

PURPOSE: Understanding disease mechanisms inside the body is crucial to engage youth with type 1 diabetes (T1D) in self-care behaviors. This study describes how Instructional Therapeutic Play (ITP) group sessions held by nurses in a Brazilian camp can enhance youth's understanding about T1D. DESIGN AND METHODS: Youth with T1D participated in video recorded ITP group sessions guided by the Sensitive Creative Method. First, participants were asked to create an artistic production based upon the query "What happens in the body of a young person who has diabetes?". They described their drawings and shared information, providing opportunities to discuss T1D pathophysiology. Second, campers were told a story about a child who had T1D onset using a rag doll and illustrative figures. Participants were asked to create a second artistic production based upon the same initial query. Finally, campers had another presentation of the drawings, discussion, and sharing through the question "How did the story told help you understand your diabetes?" Transcriptions of ITP sessions were submitted to thematic analysis. RESULTS: Twenty participants (9-17yo) were assigned to age/gender matched groups. Four themes were built: Designing insulin production; Experiencing the glycemic vigilance in diabetes management; The ITP session as a safe space to share challenges with nurses and peers; and Unraveling the myths of diabetes with the ITP session. CONCLUSION: Therapeutic play sessions enhanced youth's knowledge and unraveled myths of T1D pathophysiology. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: ITP sessions can be developed by nurses in order to deliver age-appropriate diabetes education to pediatric patients.

Benefícios da participação em um acampamento no autocuidado de crianças e adolescentes com diabetes: percepção das mães / Benefits of participation in a summer camp to self-care for children and adolescents with diabetes: the perception of mothers

Objetivo: Compreender a percepção das mães a respeito dos benefícios na rotina de seus filhos em relação ao autocuidado, após estes participarem de um acampamento de férias para jovens com diabetes. Métodos: Estudo descritivo qualitativo, realizado à luz do Interacionismo Simbólico e da Análise Qualitativa de Conteúdo, com sete mães que foram entrevistadas. Os dados foram codificados e agrupados por similaridade, emergindo as categorias temáticas. Resultados: Revelaram a importância do acampamento para promover a educação do autocuidado da criança/adolescente com diabetes, e os benefícios decorrentes dessa experiência, como promoção da independência, melhor controle e aceitação da doença, prazer em participar e extensão dos benefícios à família. Considerações Finais: O acampamento mostrou-se importante para promoção do autocuidado da criança/adolescente com diabetes e possibilitou a reflexão sobre como aprimorar essa modalidade educacional para que os conhecimentos e habilidades em diabetes desenvolvidos pela criança/adolescente possam ser ainda mais eficazes e duradores.