Interaction of various mechanical activity models in regulation of myosin heavy chain isoform expression.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a novel combination of mechanical activity paradigms on the isomyosin distribution in rat hindlimb muscles. Thirty female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five experimental groups as follows: normal control, functional overload (OV) of the plantaris, OV in conjunction with hindlimb suspension (OV-S), and a combination of OV-S and either static standing weight-bearing activity (OV-SS) or high-incline treadmill exercise (OV-SE). OV of the plantaris resulted in significant hypertrophy and significant fast-to-slow isomyosin shifts. These changes were completely inhibited by the addition of hindlimb suspension (OV-S). Also, neither of the two weight-bearing regimes (OV-SS and OV-SE) was able to attenuate the suspension-induced atrophy. In the vastus intermedius and vastus lateralis, however, OV-SS was able to partially retard the atrophy associated with suspension. In both the plantaris and vastus intermedius, only OV-SS was able to partially reverse the slow-to-fast isomyosin transitions associated with suspension. These results suggest that the type of mechanical activity is important in determining adaptation to altered loading conditions, with OV-SS appearing more effective than OV-SE in reversing the effects of unweighting.

Immunohistochemical localization of carboxylesterase in the nasal mucosa of rats.

The enzymatic esterase activity of carboxylesterases is integral to the nasal toxicity of many esters used as industrial solvents or in polymer manufacture, including propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate, dimethyl glutarate, dimethyl succinate, dimethyl adipate, and ethyl acrylate. Inhalation of these chemicals specifically damages the olfactory mucosa of rodents. We report the localization and differential distribution of a 59 KD carboxylesterase in nasal tissues of the rat by immunohistochemistry. Rabbit antiserum against the 59 KD rat liver microsomal carboxylesterase bound most prominently to the olfactory mucosa when applied to decalcified, paraffin-embedded sections of rat nasal turbinates. Within the olfactory mucosa, anti-carboxylesterase did not bind to sensory neurons, the target cell for ester-initiated toxicity; these cells apparently lack carboxylesterase. Instead, the antibody was preferentially bound by cells of Bowman's glands and sustentacular epithelial cells which are immediately adjacent to the olfactory nerve cells. In contrast, non-olfactory tissues (respiratory mucosa and squamous epithelium), which are more resistant to the toxicity of esters, had less carboxylesterase content. The distribution of immunoreactivity correlated well with the distribution of carboxylesterase catalytic activity described elsewhere. These findings help to link the metabolic fate of inhaled esters to the site-specific pathological findings that follow exposure to such chemicals.

Pentahaloethane-based chlorofluorocarbon substitutes and halothane: correlation of in vivo hepatic protein trifluoroacetylation and urinary trifluoroacetic acid excretion with calculated enthalpies of activation.

The hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) 2,2-dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane (HCFC-123) and 2-chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HCFC-124) and the hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) pentafluoroethane (HFC-125) are being developed as substitutes for chlorofluorocarbons that deplete stratospheric ozone. The structural similarity of these HCFCs and HFCs to halothane, which is hepatotoxic under certain circumstances, indicates that the metabolism and cellular interactions of HCFCs and HFCs must be explored. In a previous study [Harris et al. (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88, 1407], similar patterns of trifluoroacetylated proteins (TFA-proteins) were detected by immunoblotting with anti-TFA-protein antibodies in livers of rats exposed to halothane or HCFC-123. The present study extends these results and demonstrates that in vivo TFA-protein formation resulting from a 6-h exposure to a 1% atmosphere of these compounds follows the trend: halothane approximately HCFC-123 much greater than HFC-124, greater than HFC-125. The calculated enthalpies of activation of halothane, HCFC-123, HCFC-124, and HFC-125 paralleled the observed rate of trifluoroacetic acid excretion in HCFC- or HFC-exposed rats. Exposure of rats to a range of HCFC-123 concentrations indicated that TFA-protein formation was saturated at an exposure concentration between 0.01% and 0.1% HCFC-123. Deuteration of HCFC-123 decreased TFA-protein formation in vivo. Urinary trifluoroacetic acid excretion by treated rats correlated with the levels of TFA-proteins found after each of these treatments. No TFA-proteins were detected in hepatic fractions from rats given 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a), which is not metabolized to a trifluoroacetyl halide.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

A metabolite of halothane covalently binds to an endoplasmic reticulum protein that is highly homologous to phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C-alpha but has no activity.

When the inhalation anesthetic halothane was administered to rats, a 58 kDa protein in the liver became covalently labeled by the trifluoroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothane. The amino acid sequences of the N-terminal and of several internal peptide fragments of the protein were 99% homologous to that of the deduced amino acid sequence of a cDNA reported to correspond to phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C-alpha. The purified trifluoroacetylated 58 kDa protein or native 58 kDa protein, however, did not have phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C activity. We conclude that the reported cDNA of phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C-alpha may encode for a microsomal protein of unknown function.