Synthesis of a new fluoro-Wang resin for solid-phase reaction monitoring by 19F NMR spectroscopy.

A new fluoro-Wang resin is presented which facilitates solid-phase reaction monitoring using 19F NMR. The resin is easily synthesized and amenable to scale-up. The method described herein compliments single-bead FT-IR and 13C NMR techniques. This method allows monitoring of solid-phase reactions even if the resin bound intermediate is unstable to the cleavage conditions. In addition, this is a useful tool to study reaction kinetics on the solid phase.

Synthesis of a 10,000 member 1,5-benzodiazepine-2-one library by the directed sorting method.

The solid-phase synthesis of a 10,000 member combinatorial library of 1,5-benzodiazepine-2-one derivatives is reported. The 3-amino-1,5-benzodiazepine-2-one scaffold was prepared in solution, and the benzamide nitrogen was used as a point of attachment to the resin. The 5-aniline and 3-amine were then used as points of diversity. A 10,000 member library was synthesized using the Irori directed sorting system, and after analysis of a representative sample from the library, the Irori system was used to remove the compounds of lower purity.

Polymer-supported tetrafluorophenol: a new activated resin for chemical library synthesis.

A new tetrafluorophenol activated resin that facilitates the use of 19F NMR to quantitate loading is presented. This new resin provides a useful tool for acylation, and a novel activated polymeric sulfonate ester to generate sulfonamides. This activated resin reacts with a wide scope of N-nucleophiles including primary and secondary amines, and anilines. This new activated resin methodology provides a powerful tool for pure single-compound library synthesis.

New 4-point pharmacophore method for molecular similarity and diversity applications: overview of the method and applications, including a novel approach to the design of combinatorial libraries containing privileged substructures.

A new 4-point pharmacophore method for molecular similarity and diversity that rapidly calculates all potential pharmacophores/pharmacophoric shapes for a molecule or a protein site is described. The method, an extension to the ChemDiverse/Chem-X software (Oxford Molecular, Oxford, England), has also been customized to enable a new internally referenced measure of pharmacophore diversity. The "privileged" substructure concept for the design of high-affinity ligands is presented, and an example of this new method is described for the design of combinatorial libraries for 7-transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptor targets, where "privileged" substructures are used as special features to internally reference the pharmacophoric shapes. Up to 7 features and 15 distance ranges are considered, giving up to 350 million potential 4-point 3D pharmacophores/molecule. The resultant pharmacophore "key" ("fingerprint") serves as a powerful measure for diversity or similarity, calculable for both a ligand and a protein site, and provides a consistent frame of reference for comparing molecules, sets of molecules, and protein sites. Explicit "on-the-fly" conformational sampling is performed for a molecule to enable the calculation of all geometries accessible for all combinations of four features (i.e., 4-point pharmacophores) at any desired sampling resolution. For a protein site, complementary site points to groups displayed in the site are generated and all combinations of four site points are considered. In this paper we report (i) the details of our customized implementation of the method and its modification to systematically measure 4-point pharmacophores relative to a "special" substructure of interest present in the molecules under study; (ii) comparisons of 3- and 4-point pharmacophore methods, highlighting the much increased resolution of the 4-point method; (iii) applications of the 4-point potential pharmacophore descriptors as a new measure of molecular similarity and diversity and for the design of focused/biased combinatorial libraries.

The synthesis and biological evaluation of a novel series of indole PDE4 inhibitors I.

This communication describes the synthesis and in vitro evaluation of a novel potent series of phosphodiesterase type (IV) (PDE4) inhibitors. The compounds described contain an indole moiety which replaces the 'rolipram-like' 3-methoxy-4-cyclopentoxy motif. Several of the compounds presented possess low nanomolar IC50's for PDEIV inhibition. In vivo activities determined from measurement of serum TNF-alpha levels in LPS challenged mice (mouse endotoxemia model) are also reported.

Orally active indole N-oxide PDE4 inhibitors.

This communication describes the synthesis and in vitro and in vivo evaluation of a novel potent series of phosphodiesterase type (IV) (PDE4) inhibitors. Several of the compounds presented possess low nanomolar IC50's for PDE4 inhibition and excellent in vivo activity for inhibition of TNF-alpha levels in LPS challenged mice (mouse endotoxemia model). Emesis studies (dog) and efficacy in a SCW arthritis model for the most potent PDE4 inhibitors are presented.

Quaternary substituted PDE IV inhibitors II: the synthesis and in vitro evaluation of a novel series of gamma-lactams.

This communication describes the synthesis and in vitro evaluation of a novel potent series of phosphodiesterase type (IV) (PDE IV) inhibitors. Several of the quaternary substituted lactams presented possess low nanomolar IC50's for PDE IV inhibition.

Synthesis and diversity analysis of lead discovery piperazine-2-carboxamide libraries.

A Lead Discovery Library of piperazine-2-carboxamide derivatives was produced for general screening. This paper discloses two novel solid phase synthetic routes used to produce 15,000 single compounds via the Irori directed sorting technique. Computational methods such as reagent clustering and library profiling were used to maximize reagent diversity and optimize pharmacokinetic parameters. The results of a four center pharmacophore analysis revealed the added diversity gained by using two independent synthetic routes.

omega-[(4-Phenyl-2-quinolyl)oxy]alkanoic acid derivatives: a new family of potent LTB4 antagonists.

A series of omega-[(4-phenyl-2-quinolyl)oxy]alkanoic acid derivatives was prepared which inhibited the binding of the leukotriene B4 to its receptors on guinea pig spleen membranes and on human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. A structure-activity relationship was investigated. The length of the carboxylic acid side chain was important for potent binding activity. The replacement of the oxygen atom at the beginning of the chain with other polar or nonpolar linking groups led to considerable loss of potency, indicating that the oxygen linking atom might be involved in the receptor recognition. alpha-Substitution on the carboxylic acid side chain led to substantially more potent compounds. Substitution on the phenyl ring and on the quinoline ring was also evaluated.

omega-[(4,6-Diphenyl-2-pyridyl)oxy]alkanoic acid derivatives: a new family of potent and orally active LTB4 antagonists.

A series of omega-[(4,6-diphenyl-2-pyridyl)oxy]alkanoic acid derivatives was prepared which inhibited the binding of leukotriene B4 to its receptors on guinea pig spleen membranes and on human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) and selectively antagonized the LTB4-induced elastase release in human PMNs. On the basis of these three screens, a structure-activity relationship was investigated. alpha-Substitution on the carboxylic acid side chain led to only small changes in the binding affinities but greatly enhanced the LTB4 antagonist activity. Substitution on the phenyl rings was also evaluated. The terminal carboxylic acid function can be replaced by a tetrazole ring without loss in activity. The best in vitro LTB4 antagonists of this series were investigated in vivo in the inhibition of LTB4-induced leukopenia in rabbits. Compound 9b (RP69698) displayed potent LTB4 antagonist activity, after oral administration, with an ED50 value of 6.7 mg/kg.

Omega-[(omega-arylalkyl)thienyl]alkanoic acids: from specific LTA4 hydrolase inhibitors to LTB4 receptor antagonists.

A series of omega-[(omega-arylalkyl)thienyl]alkanoic acid isomers was prepared and a structure-activity relationship was investigated. These compounds have displayed either LTA4 hydrolase inhibition activities or LTB4 receptor binding activities, or both, depending on the relative orientation of the two side chains on the thiophene ring. Whereas the 2,5-isomers specifically exhibited LTA4 hydrolase inhibition, 3,5-isomers displayed both activities. On the other hand, the "ortho-isomers" specifically inhibited the binding of the LTB4 to its receptor. The side-chain lengths were also important for an optimal inhibition or binding activity. Substitutions on the terminal aromatic ring or on the thiophene nucleus led to small changes in both activities. The most dramatic effect was obtained by substituting the carboxylic acid side chain in the alpha-position with one or two methyl groups, which substantially enhanced the LTB4 receptor binding activity. In the most favorable case, the alpha,alpha-dimethyl derivative RP66153 was found 20-fold more potent than its linear counterpart.

Omega-[(omega-arylalkyl)aryl]alkanoic acids: a new class of specific LTA4 hydrolase inhibitors.

The synthesis and structure-activity profile of a new class of potent and specific LTA4 hydrolase inhibitors are described. Many compounds of this series of omega-[5-(omega-arylalkyl)-2-thienyl]- and omega-[4-(omega-arylalkyl)phenyl]alkanoic acids were found to be potent in vitro inhibitors of the LTB4 production by porcine leukocytes with IC50 ranging from 1 to 10 microM. The side-chain lengths were critical for an optimal activity. Substitutions on the terminal aromatic ring, in the benzene series, by lipophilic and electron-donating substituents substantially enhanced the LTA4 hydrolase inhibition potency. On the other hand, in the thiophene series, the effect of of such substitutions on the LTA4 hydrolase inhibition was rather small. Functionalization within the carboxylic acid side chain by a carbonyl or by a hydroxyl group led to less potent compounds. A metabolically stable LTA4 hydrolase inhibitor, RP64966, was obtained by insertion of an oxygen atom in the beta-position on the carboxylic acid side chain. After oral administration of RP64966 to rats, a plasma extract was found to display potent inhibition of the LTB4 biosynthesis (40% inhibition at 5 mg/kg, po).