Prevalence and characteristics of pneumatization of the temporal bone evaluated by cone beam computed tomography.

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and characteristics of pneumatization of the glenoid fossa and articular eminence by means of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. CBCT images of 658 patients (1316 joints) were evaluated to determine pneumatization in the articular eminence (PAT) and roof of the glenoid fossa (PGF). Age and gender were recorded for all patients and, for the cases of pneumatization, laterality and type (unilocular or multilocular) were noted. Its prevalence was correlated with gender, age and laterality by statistical analyses. 21.3% of individuals presented with PAT and 38.3% presented with PGF. Considering the temporomandibular joint, PAT was in 15.5% and PGF in 30.2%. Of PAT cases, 54.3% were unilateral and 45.7% bilateral; 3.4% were unilocular and 96.6% were multilocular. In the PGF cases, 42.5% were unilateral and 57.5% bilateral; 0.02% was unilocular and 99.8% were multilocular. There was no statistical difference regarding gender and age; but there was statistical difference regarding laterality, with higher frequency on the left side. In conclusion, there was a significant prevalence of PAT and PGF in the studied population; their prevalence seems higher than has been previously supposed.

Influence of the intergonial distance on image distortion in panoramic radiographs.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the intergonial distance during the formation of panoramic radiographic images by means of horizontal and vertical measurements. METHODS: 30 macerated mandibles were categorized into 3 different groups (n = 10) according to their intergonial distances as follows: G1, mean distance 8.2 cm, G2, mean distance 9.0 cm and G3, mean distance 9.6 cm. Three metal spheres 0.198 cm in diameter and placed at an incline using an isosceles triangle were separately placed over the internal and external surfaces of the mandibles before radiographic exposure for the purpose of taking the horizontal and vertical measurements. The occlusal planes of the mandibles were horizontally placed on the chin rest of the panoramic machine Orthopantomograph® OP 100 (Instrumentarium Imaging, Tuusula, Finland) and were then radiographed. In the panoramic radiographs, an expert radiologist measured the distances between the metal spheres in the horizontal and vertical directions using a digital caliper. The data were tabled and statistically analysed by Student's t-test and analysis of variance with Tukey post-test (α = 0.05). RESULTS: In all three groups magnification of the distances between spheres was observed when compared with the real distance in both horizontal and vertical measurements (p < 0.05). Differences in both horizontal and vertical measurements were observed between the different regions (p < 0.05), however there were no differences between groups in the same region (p > 0.05). Differences between horizontal and vertical measurements were observed in different regions in all evaluated groups (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The intergonial distance is a factor that had no influence on image formation in the panoramic radiograph.