Relating the composition of Pt(x)Ru(100-x)/C nanoparticles to their structural aspects and electrocatalytic activities in the methanol oxidation reaction.

A controlled composition-based method--that is, the microwave-assisted ethylene glycol (MEG) method--was successfully developed to prepare bimetallic Pt(x)Ru(100-x)/C nanoparticles (NPs) with different alloy compositions. This study highlights the impact of the variation in alloy composition of Pt(x)Ru(100-x)/C NPs on their alloying extent (structure) and subsequently their catalytic activity towards the methanol oxidation reaction (MOR). The alloying extent of these Pt(x)Ru(100-x)/C NPs has a strong influence on their Pt d-band vacancy and Pt electroactive surface area (Pt ECSA); this relationship was systematically evaluated by using X-ray absorption (XAS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), density functional theory (DFT) calculations, and electrochemical analyses. The MOR activity depends on two effects that act in cooperation, namely, the number of active Pt sites and their activity. Here the number of active Pt sites is associated with the Pt ECSA value, whereas the Pt-site activity is associated with the alloying extent and Pt d-band vacancy (electronic) effects. Among the Pt(x)Ru(100-x)/C NPs with various Pt:Ru atomic ratios (x = 25, 50, and 75), the Pt(75)Ru(25)/C NPs were shown to be superior in MOR activity on account of their favorable alloying extent, Pt d-band vacancy, and Pt ECSA. This short study brings new insight into probing the synergistic effect on the surface reactivity of the Pt(x)Ru(100-x)/C NPs, and possibly other bimetallic Pt-based alloy NPs.

Simple replacement reaction for the preparation of ternary Fe(1-x)PtRu(x) nanocrystals with superior catalytic activity in methanol oxidation reaction.

The finding of new metal alloyed nanocrystals (NCs) with high catalytic activity and low cost to replace PtRu NCs is a critical step toward the commercialization of fuel cells. In this work, a simple cation replacement reaction was utilized to synthesize a new type of ternary Fe(1-x)PtRu(x) NCs from binary FePt NCs. The detailed structural transformation from binary FePt NCs to ternary Fe(1-x)PtRu(x) NCs was analyzed by X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). Ternary Fe(35)Pt(40)Ru(25), Fe(31)Pt(40)Ru(29), and Fe(17)Pt(40)Ru(43) NCs exhibit superior catalytic ability to withstand CO poisoning in methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) than do binary NCs (FePt and J-M PtRu). Also, the Fe(31)Pt(40)Ru(29) NCs had the highest alloying extent and the lowest onset potential among the ternary NCs. Furthermore, the origin for the superior CO resistance of ternary Fe(1-x)PtRu(x) NCs was investigated by determining the adsorption energy of CO on the NCs' surfaces and the charge transfer from Fe/Ru to Pt using a simulation based on density functional theory. The simulation results suggested that by introducing a new metal into binary PtRu/PtFe NCs, the anti-CO poisoning ability of ternary Fe(1-x)PtRu(x) NCs was greatly enhanced because the bonding of CO-Pt on the NCs' surface was weakened. Overall, our experimental and simulation results have indicated a simple route for the discovery of new metal alloyed catalysts with superior anti-CO poisoning ability and low usage of Pt and Ru for fuel cell applications.

Investigation of formation mechanism of Pt(111) nanoparticle layers grown on Ru(0001) core.

A layer growth mechanism of Pt-Ru bimetallic nanoparticles has been proposed with supporting experiments and calculations by density functional theory (DFT). Elongated Pt atoms on Ru nanoparticles were synthesized via a two-step route, and their structural details were obtained by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Because of the intrinsic mismatch of lattice spacing between the two elements, such an unusual growth was analyzed with the DFT simulations to explore the mystery of the growth mechanism. Pt atoms would rearrange the packing order and adjust the Pt-Pt atomic distance, and so do the Ru nanoparticles in order to achieve the optimal energy status of the bimetallic system. The resultant Pt(111) layers could stack on top of the Ru(0001) core more tightly by fitting the pockets left between the Ru atoms. The findings give insight into the formation mechanism of the nanosized Pt-Ru bimetallic catalyst and pave the way for designing bimetallic catalysts with tailored properties at the atomic level.

Tunable properties of PtxFe1-x electrocatalysts and their catalytic activity towards the oxygen reduction reaction.

We present the controlled synthesis of bimetallic Pt(x)Fe(1-x) nanoparticles with tunable physical properties and a study of their catalytic activity towards the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Composition-induced variations in alloying extent and Pt d-band vacancies in Pt-Fe/C catalysts are systematically investigated. Density functional theoretical calculations are performed in order to realize the electronic effect caused by alloying Pt with Fe. The DFT computational observations revealed that iron donates electrons to platinum, when the Fe 3d and Pt 5d orbitals undergo hybridization. The Pt(x)Fe(1-x) catalysts with various Pt-to-Fe atomic ratios are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). TEM images indicate that the dispersion of the metal nanoparticles is uniform and the XAS technique provides significant insight on Pt d-band vacancies and the alloying extent of Pt and Fe in Pt(x)Fe(1-x) nanoparticles. Rotating-disk voltammetry of Pt(x)Fe(1-x) nanoparticle catalysts with various Pt : Fe atomic compositions (3 : 1, 1 : 1, and 1 : 3) revealed that the Pt(1)Fe(1)/C nanocatalyst showed a greater enhancement in ORR activity than platinum. The enhanced catalytic activity toward ORR is attributed to the higher alloying extent of platinum and iron as well as the promising electronic structure offered by the lower unfilled Pt d states in Pt(x)Fe(1-x) nanoparticles when compared to pure Pt.

Chemical dealloying mechanism of bimetallic Pt-Co nanoparticles and enhancement of catalytic activity toward oxygen reduction.

The chemical dealloying mechanism of bimetallic Pt-Co nanoparticles (NPs) and enhancement of their electrocatalytic activity towards the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) have been investigated on a fundamental level by the combination of X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). Structural parameters, such as coordination numbers, alloy extent, and the unfilled d states of Pt atoms, are derived from the XAS spectra, together with the compositional variation analyzed by line-scanning energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) on an atomic scale, to gain new insights into the dealloying process of bimetallic Pt-Co NPs. The XAS results on acid-treated Pt-Co/C NPs reveal that the Co-Co bonding in the bimetallic NPs dissolves first and the remaining morphology gradually transforms to a Pt-skin structure. From cyclic voltammetry and mass activity measurements, Pt-Co alloy NPs with a Pt-skin structure significantly enhance the catalytic performance towards the ORR. Further, it is observed that such an imperfect Pt-skin surface feature will collapse due to the penetration of electrolyte into layers underneath and cause further dissolution of Co and the loss of Pt. The electrocatalytic activity decreases accordingly, if the dealloying process lasts for 4 h. The findings not only demonstrate the importance of appropriate treatment of bimetallic catalysts, but also can be referred to other Pt bimetallic alloys with transition metals.