Acute Hepatitis with Positive Autoantibodies: A Case of Natalizumab-Induced Early-Onset Liver Injury.

BACKGROUND Natalizumab is an anti-integrin monoclonal antibody used as an alternative treatment regimen for patients with autoimmune disorders, especially multiple sclerosis and Crohn's disease. Natalizumab-induced liver injury has been rarely reported and may follow the first dose (with increases in liver enzymes usually after 6 or more days), or after multiple doses. In general, it is non-severe acute hepatitis (with a hepatocellular pattern) and autoantibodies can be positive, mainly anti-nuclear and anti-smooth muscle antibodies. CASE REPORT We are reporting the case of a 60-year-old woman diagnosed with multiple sclerosis previously treated with interferon-beta, dimethyl fumarate, and fingolimod, who presented jaundice 1 day after the first infusion of natalizumab. She had an early-onset acute hepatitis with aminotransferases levels higher than 1000 IU/L and total bilirubin almost 41 mg/dL. Anti-nuclear and anti-smooth muscle antibodies were positive and the histopathological analysis of the liver showed intrahepatic cholestasis associated with moderate necroinflammatory activity (subacute cholestatic hepatitis) and mild diffuse perisinusoidal fibrosis, which could be compatible with the hypothesis of drug-induced liver injury. The scenario of an autoimmune-like hepatitis led the medical team to start oral prednisone and she progressively improved in clinical and laboratory features. Serum levels of liver enzymes and bilirubin were normal within 3 months and there was no further increase after discontinuation of corticosteroid therapy. CONCLUSIONS Physicians should be aware of the risk of early-onset acute hepatitis in patients starting natalizumab, especially women with multiple sclerosis. Treatment with corticosteroid for a few months may be beneficial.

Pancytopenia as an initial manifestation of prostate cancer: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Prostate adenocarcinoma is the most frequent cancer type among men, followed by skin cancer. Patients with prostate cancer usually present lower urinary tract symptoms due to tumor involvement. Bone marrow invasion is associated with prostate cancer metastasis and is common if blastic lesions in bones are present but is very rare without a large bone involvement and uncommon as initial presentation. CASE PRESENTATION: We present a case of an 86-year-old Caucasian man with bone marrow invasion of prostate cancer without urological or bone-related symptoms and without prostate nodules. His findings were dyspnea, fatigue, and tachycardia. We detail the complete investigation of the case until we found the accurate diagnosis. The patient started treatment, but he had no response and so the oncology team started palliative care. CONCLUSION: Bone marrow invasion as an initial manifestation of prostate cancer is not common, especially if no prostatic lesions are found. This report is important to provide additional information about prostate cancer management.

Massive iron overload and acute-on-chronic liver failure in a patient with Diamond-Blackfan anaemia: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Genetic anaemias lead us to reflect on the classic 'trolley dilemma', when there are two choices but neither one is satisfactory. Either we do not treat anaemia and the patient suffers from chronic tiredness and fatigue, or we do treat it through blood transfusions, leading to iron overload, which is a quite harmful consequence. CASE PRESENTATION: We present the case of a 34-year-old woman with Diamond-Blackfan anaemia (DBA). Bone marrow stem cell transplantation had not been accessible during her childhood, so she had been submitted to monthly blood transfusions throughout her life, leading to a hepatitis C virus infection (which was treated, achieving a sustained virological response when she was 18 years old), and secondary haemochromatosis. Despite chelation therapy, diffuse iron deposition was occurring in multiple organs, markedly in the heart and liver. Her serum ferritin was higher than 21,000 ng/mL and transferrin saturation reached 102%. When she faced heart decompensation, this congestive condition led to an acute liver injury overlapping pre-existing hepatic fibrosis. She progressed to haemodynamic and hepatic failure, with clinical features of acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF). Despite therapeutic optimisation, she died of respiratory insufficiency. An autopsy was performed and revealed the macroscopic and microscopic findings of a massive iron deposition in the liver, heart, lungs, spleen, bone marrow, thyroid and adrenal glands. We found marked advance of liver fibrosis (chronic damage), as well as necrosis of hepatocytes in zone 3 of the Rappaport acinus (acute damage), supporting the hypothesis of ACLF. The main feature responsible for acute liver decompensation seemed to be heart insufficiency. CONCLUSION: This is the first case reporting the sequence: DBA, multiple blood transfusions, secondary haemochromatosis, advanced liver fibrosis, heart failure, ACLF and death. A multidisciplinary team is essential to care for DBA patients, since there is a significant emotional burden related to the disease, which might impair an effective chelation therapy and lead to severe consequences due to iron deposition.

Association between atypical parathyroid adenoma and neurofibromatosis.

Primary hyperparathyroidism is a disease characterized by excessive production of parathyroid hormone (PTH), which is due to a parathyroid adenoma in 85% of cases. An atypical parathyroid adenoma, with some histopathological features of parathyroid carcinoma, may be found in some of the cases, although it may not fulfill all the criteria for this diagnosis. Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is an autosomal dominant systemic disease that may be associated with hyperparathyroidism. We report here the rare combination of a patient with NF1 and clinical manifestations of hyperparathyroidism due to an atypical parathyroid adenoma.

Association between atypical parathyroid adenoma and neurofibromatosis

Primary hyperparathyroidism is a disease characterized by excessive production of parathyroid hormone (PTH), which is due to a parathyroid adenoma in 85% of cases. An atypical parathyroid adenoma, with some histopathological features of parathyroid carcinoma, may be found in some of the cases, although it may not fulfill all the criteria for this diagnosis. Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is an autosomal dominant systemic disease that may be associated with hyperparathyroidism. We report here the rare combination of a patient with NF1 and clinical manifestations of hyperparathyroidism due to an atypical parathyroid adenoma.

Hiperparatireoidismo primário: apresentação atípica. Relato de caso / Primary hyperparathyroidism: an atypical presentation. Case report

O objetivo deste estudo foi relatar um caso de hiperparatireoidismo primário com características clínicas, laboratoriais e de imagem atípicas, levando a suspeita diagnóstica de carcinoma de para tireoide que é uma causa rara de hiperparatireoidismo primário. Paciente do gênero masculino, 55 anos, apresentava quadro de perda ponderal significativa, astenia e mal estar generalizado. Ao exame físico, foi encontrada uma massa cervical palpável à esquerda. Procedeu-se assim à investigação laboratorial que evidenciou aumento das concentrações de cálcio e de paratormônio. Foi realizada ultrassonografia cervical que confirmou a presença de nódulo cervical e cintilografia por SESTAMIBI-99mTc que mostrou nódulo hipercaptante, de 2,5cm de diâmetro, próximo à tireoide. Outros exames evidenciaram litíase renal e lesões ósseas líticas disseminadas. Tais achados levaram à hipótese de hiperparatireoidismo primário causado por carcinoma de paratireoide. O paciente foi então submetido a procedimento cirúrgico e à biópsia de congelamento da lesão. Esta revelou características benignas, afastando a hipótese de carcinoma e a necessidade de uma ressecção inbloc associada à linfadenectomia, procedimento indicado em caso positivo para malignidade. A análise anatomopatológica do nódulo evidenciou um adenoma. Um ano após o tratamento,o paciente permanece livre de doença. O carcinoma de paratireoide deve ser considerado quando da presença de níveis extremamente elevados de cálcio sérico e paratormônio. Apesar do diagnóstico de carcinoma não ter se confirmado na análise histopatológica, a manutenção desta patologia entre os diagnósticos diferenciais foi essencial para a abordagem adequada do caso e para sua exclusão diagnóstica com maior segurança...

The aim of this article is to report a case of primary hyperparathyroidism with atypical clinical, laboratory and imaging features. These findings raised a diagnostic suspicion for parathyroid carcinoma, a rare cause of primary hyperparathyroidism. A 55 year-old male patient presented complaints of significant weight loss, weakness and general malaise. He also had a palpable cervical mass. Imagingm studies evidenced nephrolithiasis and diffuse lytic bone lesions. Laboratory tests showed very high levels of serum calcium and parathormone. These findings prompted a neck ultrasonography and SESTAMIBI-99mTc scintigraphy, which revealed a 2.5cm nodule with increased captation near the thyroid gland. The patient was submitted to surgical exploration and a frozen section biopsy of the lesion. The lesion showed benign patterns, and there was, therefore, no need for an in bloc resection and lymphadenectomy, which is the appropriate procedure in malignancy cases. The histopathologic analysis of the nodule revealed an adenoma. At the one year follow-up, the patient remained disease-free. Parathyroid carcinoma must be considered in cases with very high levels of serum calcium and parathormone. Although the diagnosis of carcinoma was not confirmed histologically, keeping this pathology in mind among the differential diagnosis was essential for the appropriate management of the case and the safe diagnostic exclusion of that malignancy...

Coma mixedematoso em paciente com neurofibromatose tipo 1: associação rara / Myxedema coma in a patient with type 1 neurofibromatosis: rare association

O coma mixedematoso (CM) é uma emergência endocrinológica rara, porém letal e consiste na expressão extrema do hipotireoidismo. Relatamos o caso de um paciente do sexo masculino, 51 anos, que abandonou tratamento do hipotireoidismo por 10 meses e evoluiu com sintomas de letargia, edema e intolerância ao frio que culminaram em insuficiência respiratória e coma. Apresentava também diagnóstico prévio de neurofibromatose. O diagnóstico precoce do coma mixedematoso aliado à instituição imediata do tratamento com levotiroxina e ao manejo adequado de complicações, como insuficiência respiratória, choque cardiogênico associado a swinging heart, insuficiências adrenal e renal agudas e sepse, permitiu a evolução favorável do quadro.

Myxedema coma, a rare but fatal emergency, is an extreme expression of hypothyroidism. We describe a 51-year-old male patient who has discontinued hypothyroidism treatment 10 months earlier and developed lethargy, edema, and cold intolerance symptoms. He also had a previous diagnosis of neurofibromatosis. After admission, he progressed to respiratory insufficiency and coma. The prompt recognition of the condition, thyroid hormone replacement, and management of the complications (hypoventilation, cardiogenic shock associated with swinging heart, adrenal and renal insufficiency and sepsis), resulted in a favorable evolution.

[Myxedema coma in a patient with type 1 neurofibromatosis: rare association]. / Coma mixedematoso em paciente com neurofibromatose tipo 1: associação rara.

Myxedema coma, a rare but fatal emergency, is an extreme expression of hypothyroidism. We describe a 51-year-old male patient who has discontinued hypothyroidism treatment 10 months earlier and developed lethargy, edema, and cold intolerance symptoms. He also had a previous diagnosis of neurofibromatosis. After admission, he progressed to respiratory insufficiency and coma. The prompt recognition of the condition, thyroid hormone replacement, and management of the complications (hypoventilation, cardiogenic shock associated with swinging heart, adrenal and renal insufficiency and sepsis), resulted in a favorable evolution.

Deletion 2q37: an identifiable clinical syndrome with mental retardation and autism.

Terminal deletion of the long arm of chromosome 2 is a rare chromosomal disorder characterized by low birth weight, delayed somatic and mental development, craniofacial defects, short neck, heart and lung congenital defects, and autistic features. We report on a girl with 46,XX.ish del(2)(q37.1) de novo karyotype, mental retardation, dysmorphic features, gastrointestinal anomalies, and autistic traits and compare her clinical manifestations with patients with the same deletion previously described in literature.

Neurologic aspects of microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type II.

Microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type II is a specific disorder characterized by severe intrauterine and postnatal growth retardation, acquired microcephaly, cerebrovascular abnormalities, progressive bone dysplasia, and a characteristic face. Whereas the diagnostic features of this syndrome are well-recognized, the neurologic aspects have not been clearly defined. We report on a detailed neurodevelopmental follow-up study of a new case of microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type II, followed from the first years of life to adolescence, and we discuss the neurocognitive features of our patient. We also review the neurologic aspects of this disorder compared with syndromes with overlapping phenotypes, such as microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism types I and III and Seckel syndrome.

Statin modulates insulin signaling and insulin resistance in liver and muscle of rats fed a high-fat diet.

Recent studies have shown that statins might have relevant effects on insulin resistance in animal models and in humans. However, the molecular mechanisms that account for this improvement in insulin sensitivity are not well established. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of a statin on insulin sensitivity and insulin signaling in liver and muscle of rats fed on a high-fat diet (HFD) for 4 weeks, treated or not with lovastatin during the last week. Our data show that treatment with lovastatin results in a marked improvement in insulin sensitivity characterized by an increase in glucose disappearance rate during the insulin tolerance test. This increase in insulin sensitivity was associated with an increase in insulin-induced insulin receptor (IR) tyrosine phosphorylation and, in parallel, a decrease in IR serine phosphorylation and association with PTP1B. Our data also show that lovastatin treatment was associated with an increase in insulin-stimulated insulin receptor substrate (IRS) 1/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway in the liver and muscle of HFD-fed rats in parallel with a decrease in the inflammatory pathway (c-jun N-terminal kinase and I kappa beta kinase (IKKbeta)/inhibitor of kappaB/nuclear factor kappaB) related to insulin resistance. In summary, statin treatment improves insulin sensitivity in HFD-fed rats by reversing the decrease in the insulin-stimulated IRS-1/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway in liver and muscle. The effect of statins on insulin action is further supported by our findings that HFD rats treated with statin show a reduction in IRS-1 serine phosphorylation, I kappa kinase (IKK)/inhibitor of kappaB/nuclear factor kappaB pathway, and c-jun N-terminal kinase activity, associated with an improvement in insulin action. Overall, these results provide important new insight into the mechanism of statin action in insulin sensitivity.

Prevalência de obesidade em crianças de uma escola pública e de um ambulatório geral de pediatria de hospital universitário / Obesity prevalence among students of a public school and a pediatric out-patient clinic of a university hospital

OBJETIVO: Verificar a associação entre atividade física e características socioeconômicas com a presença de obesidade e/ou sobrepeso em crianças de seis a 14 anos, escolares da Escola Sérgio Porto e pacientes que procuraram o Ambulatório de Pediatria no Hospital de Clínicas (HC), ambos no campus da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp). MÉTODOS: O estudo foi realizado por meio da aplicação de questionário aos pais ou responsáveis e coleta de dados de peso e altura das crianças. Foi calculado o índice de massa corpórea (IMC), e feita a classificação em normal, sobrepeso ou obesidade, a partir dos dados do Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), dos Estados Unidos. Foi feita análise descritiva dos dados e utilizados os testes do qui-quadrado ou exato de Fisher. RESULTADOS: A amostra ambulatorial foi composta por 107 crianças (13,1 por cento com sobrepeso e 11,2 por cento obesas) e a escolar de 109 (16,5 por cento com sobrepeso e 20,2 por cento obesas). Não foi observada diferença significante entre a prevalência de obesidade ou de obesidade e sobrepeso entre as duas amostras, apesar de as amostras serem diferentes em relação à renda mensal (p<0,0001), escolaridade materna (p<0,0001) e atividade física (p<0,0001), sendo que a população ambulatorial apresentou menores índices nestas três variáveis, comparada à escolar. CONCLUSÕES: Os índices de sobrepeso e obesidade encontrados no presente estudo foram elevados, confirmando que houve a transição nutricional em ambas as amostras, de maneira similar à observada no resto do nosso país, independentemente do sexo, da classificação socioeconômica e da atividade física.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to verify the association between physical activity and socio-economic status with the presence of obesity and/or overweight in children aged six to 14 years of two different sources: an elementary school and an out-patient Pediatric clinic of one university hospital of Campinas, São Paulo. METHODS: A socio-demographic questionnaire was answered by parents and the evaluation of children's weight and height was performed according to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), USA, standards for body mass index (BMI) The children were divided in three categories: normal, overweight and obese. Chi-square and Fisher exact test were used to compare both groups of children. RESULTS: 107 children from the university hospital were studied (13.1 percent with overweight and 11.2 percent obese) as well as 109 from the elementary school (16.5 percent overweight and 20.2 percent obese). Both groups were similar regarding the prevalence of obesity alone or obesity and overweight. Groups differed in family income (p<0.0001), number of maternal years in school (p<0.0001) and physical activity (p<0.0001), with disadvantage of the clinic patients. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of overweight and obesity observed in this study were high, pointing out that a nutritional transition has occurred in both samples independently of gender, socio-economic status and physical activity.

Interstitial deletion of a proximal 3p: a clinically recognisable syndrome.

Interstitial deletions of the proximal short arm of chromosome 3 occurring as constitutional aberrations are rare and a defined clinical phenotype is not established yet. We report on a 30-months-old girl with distinct facial features (square facies, plagiocephaly, broad forehead, broad nasal bridge, long philtrum and low set ears) and psychomotor/speech delay associated with an interstitial deletion of 3p12 chromosomal band, del(3)(p12p12). Clinical manifestations of our child were compared with those of other eight patients with the same deletion previously described to further delineate the proximal 3p deletion syndrome.

Association of adenosine deaminase polymorphism with mild mental retardation.

The etiology of mild mental retardation remains undefined in about 60% of cases. Even though the causes of mild mental retardation are likely to be heterogeneous, the evidence for genetic involvement is increasing, along with the development of specific diagnostic techniques. To improve our understanding of the genetic basis of mild mental retardation, we explored the role of polymorphisms of adenosine deaminase, an enzyme that is supposed to act as a neuroregulatory protein. To this end, we conducted an association study comparing children with mild mental retardation of unknown origin with two groups of controls: (1) apparently healthy children and (2) children with moderate or severe mental retardation of known etiology. Overall, 338 participants were enrolled in the study. Cases (ie, 80 children) were more likely than controls (ie, 153 healthy children and 105 children with moderate or severe mental retardation) to have the low-activity ADA-Asn 8 (ADA(1) *2) polymorphism (P < .05) and to present the ADA(1) *2/ ADA(2) *1 haplotype. No significant differences were found with respect to adenosine deaminase polymorphisms when comparing the group with moderate or severe mental retardation of known causes and healthy controls. In conclusion, our findings suggest a possible role for a low-activity genotype (ADA-8Asn) (ADA(1) *2) of adenosine deaminase in the pathogenesis of mild mental retardation.