RESUMO
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most significant staple foods worldwide. Carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, and minerals are just a few of the many nutrients found in domesticated rice. Ensuring high and constant rice production is vital to facilitating human food supplies, as over three billion people around the globe rely on rice as their primary source of dietary intake. However, the world's rice production and grain quality have drastically declined in recent years due to the challenges posed by global climate change and abiotic stress-related aspects, especially drought, heat, cold, salt, submergence, and heavy metal toxicity. Rice's reduced photosynthetic efficiency results from insufficient stomatal conductance and natural damage to thylakoids and chloroplasts brought on by abiotic stressor-induced chlorosis and leaf wilting. Abiotic stress in rice farming can also cause complications with redox homeostasis, membrane peroxidation, lower seed germination, a drop in fresh and dry weight, necrosis, and tissue damage. Frequent stomatal movements, leaf rolling, generation of reactive oxygen radicals (RORs), antioxidant enzymes, induction of stress-responsive enzymes and protein-repair mechanisms, production of osmolytes, development of ion transporters, detoxifications, etc., are recorded as potent morphological, biochemical and physiological responses of rice plants under adverse abiotic stress. To develop cultivars that can withstand multiple abiotic challenges, it is necessary to understand the molecular and physiological mechanisms that contribute to the deterioration of rice quality under multiple abiotic stresses. The present review highlights the strategic defense mechanisms rice plants adopt to combat abiotic stressors that substantially affect the fundamental morphological, biochemical, and physiological mechanisms.
RESUMO
Transition metal sulfide-based electrode materials are promising candidates for energy storage applications owing to their richer redox-active sites and higher electrical conductivity than their oxide counterparts. Manganese-cobalt-sulfide (MCS) nanoflakes were synthesized on nickel foam in the presence of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as a capping agent using a one-step hydrothermal method. The variation in the amount of PVP in the reaction solution had a prominent impact on the MCS electrode morphology. PVP altered the morphology of the MCS nanoflakes. Different shapes of interconnecting-nanoflake arrays were formed with different amounts of PVP. The MCS electrode prepared using 0.2 g of PVP (MCS-P2) showed the best efficiency with a specific capacity of 1312 C g-1 (3215 F g-1) at 1 A g-1 and still retained a remarkable capacity of 1000 C g-1 (2480 F g-1) at 20 A g-1. Moreover, the hybrid supercapacitor (HS) device consisting of MCS-P2//reduced graphene oxide (rGO) revealed a high energy density of 48.7 Wh kg-1 at a corresponding power density of 386 W kg-1. Even at a higher power density of 10.8 kW kg-1, a notable energy density of 25.5 Wh kg-1 was retained. These remarkable results highlight the potential applications of the MCS-P2 electrode material in energy storage.
