The influence of protective psychosocial factors on the incidence of dental pain.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the influence of protective psychosocial factors on the incidence of dental pain in the last six months among 12-year-old children living in Manaus (AM). METHODS: A prospective school-based cohort study was conducted with 210 12-year-old students enrolled in public schools in the eastern zone of Manaus (AM). Students were followed up for two years. Validated questionnaires were used to assess sociodemographic characteristics, protective psychosocial factors, including sense of coherence, social support, and self-esteem at baseline and after two years. Calibrated examiners clinically assessed dental caries and gingival bleeding. Multivariate multilevel Poisson regression was used to estimate the relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI) between the changes on psychosocial factors scores and incidence of dental pain, adjusted for psychosocial factors scores at baseline, dental health insurance, frequency of tooth brushing, and dental caries. RESULTS: Mean scores for sense of coherence and social support reduced significantly from baseline to 2-year follow-up. The incidence of dental pain along the two-year follow-up was 28.6%. The risk of dental pain was 14% higher for every 10 points in the mean reduction of sense of coherence score (RR = 1.14; 95%CI: 1.02-1.20), and 6% higher for every 10 points of the mean reduction in social support score (RR = 1.06; 95%CI: 1.01-1.11). Change on self-esteem was not associated with risk of dental pain. CONCLUSION: Change on sense of coherence and social support over the two-year period influenced the incidence of dental pain among children, suggesting that protective psychosocial factors, health behaviours, dental health insurance, and clinical oral condition have an important role in the incidence of dental pain.

The influence of protective psychosocial factors on the incidence of dental pain / A influência de fatores psicossociais protetores sobre a incidência de dor dentária

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To investigate the influence of protective psychosocial factors on the incidence of dental pain in the last six months among 12-year-old children living in Manaus (AM). METHODS A prospective school-based cohort study was conducted with 210 12-year-old students enrolled in public schools in the eastern zone of Manaus (AM). Students were followed up for two years. Validated questionnaires were used to assess sociodemographic characteristics, protective psychosocial factors, including sense of coherence, social support, and self-esteem at baseline and after two years. Calibrated examiners clinically assessed dental caries and gingival bleeding. Multivariate multilevel Poisson regression was used to estimate the relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI) between the changes on psychosocial factors scores and incidence of dental pain, adjusted for psychosocial factors scores at baseline, dental health insurance, frequency of tooth brushing, and dental caries. RESULTS Mean scores for sense of coherence and social support reduced significantly from baseline to 2-year follow-up. The incidence of dental pain along the two-year follow-up was 28.6%. The risk of dental pain was 14% higher for every 10 points in the mean reduction of sense of coherence score (RR = 1.14; 95%CI: 1.02-1.20), and 6% higher for every 10 points of the mean reduction in social support score (RR = 1.06; 95%CI: 1.01-1.11). Change on self-esteem was not associated with risk of dental pain. CONCLUSION Change on sense of coherence and social support over the two-year period influenced the incidence of dental pain among children, suggesting that protective psychosocial factors, health behaviours, dental health insurance, and clinical oral condition have an important role in the incidence of dental pain.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Investigar a influência de fatores psicossociais protetores sobre a incidência de dor dentária nos últimos seis meses em crianças de 12 anos residentes em Manaus (AM). MÉTODOS Um estudo de coorte prospectivo de base escolar foi realizado com 210 alunos de 12 anos, matriculados em escolas públicas da zona leste de Manaus (AM) que foram acompanhados por dois anos. Questionários validados foram usados para avaliar características sociodemográficas, fatores psicossociais protetores, incluindo senso de coerência, apoio social e autoestima na linha de base e após dois anos. Examinadores calibrados avaliaram clinicamente cárie dentária e sangramento gengival. Regressão de Poisson multinível multivariada foi usada para estimar o risco relativo (RR) e o intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95%) entre a variação dos escores dos fatores psicossociais e a incidência de dor dentária, ajustada para os escores dos fatores psicossociais na linha de base, plano de saúde odontológico, frequência de escovação dentária e cárie dentária. RESULTADOS As médias dos escores do senso de coerência e do apoio social reduziram significativamente entre linha de base e seguimento de dois anos. A incidência de dor dentária no seguimento de dois anos foi 28,6%. O risco de dor dentária foi 14% maior para cada 10 pontos na redução média do escore do senso de coerência (RR = 1,14; IC95% 1,02-1,20), e 6% maior para cada 10 pontos na redução média do escore do apoio social (RR = 1,06; IC95% 1,01-1,11). A mudança na autoestima não foi associada ao risco de dor dentária. CONCLUSÃO A variação do senso de coerência e do apoio social no período de dois anos influenciou a incidência de dor dentária em crianças, sugerindo que fatores psicossociais protetores, comportamentos em saúde, plano odontológico e a condição clínica bucal desempenham um papel importante na incidência da dor dentária.

Rare genetic diseases affecting skeletal development and oral health disparities among children and adolescents: a pathway analysis.

BACKGROUND: To examine the relationships of rare genetic diseases affecting skeletal development, socio-demographic characteristics, and oral health-related behaviours with dental clinical measures in children and adolescents. METHODS: A cross-sectional study paired by age, gender and social class included 61 children and adolescents with osteogenesis imperfecta (n = 40) or mucopolysaccharidoses (n = 21) and those without genetic rare diseases (n = 60). Participants were selected at two referral hospitals for rare genetic diseases in the city of Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Caregivers completed a questionnaire to obtain age, gender, caregiver's schooling, social class, patterns of dental attendance and duration of breastfeeding. Oral hygiene, dental caries, dental anomalies and malocclusion were assessed through dental examinations. The relationships between variables were estimated through Pathway analysis using the maximum likelihood method. RESULTS: Rare genetic diseases affecting skeletal development were directly associated with dental caries (ß = 0.22), dental anomalies (ß = 0.36) and malocclusion (ß = 0.29). They were also inversely linked to a preventive pattern of dental attendance (ß = -0.25). Rare genetic diseases affecting skeletal development were associated with poor oral hygiene (ß = 0.28) and shorter breastfeeding duration (ß = -0.21). Rare genetic diseases affecting skeletal development were linked indirectly with dental caries, a reduced pattern of dental attendance and poor oral hygiene (ß = 0.43). Patterns of dental attendance mediated the link between rare genetic diseases affecting skeletal development and malocclusion (ß = -0.05). CONCLUSION: Rare genetic diseases affecting skeletal development were associated with poor oral health. Patterns of dental attendance and poor oral hygiene mediated the link between rare genetic diseases affecting skeletal development and dental clinical measures.

Income inequality and traumatic dental injuries in 12-year-old children: A multilevel analysis.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Contextual socio-economic factors have been associated with traumatic dental injuries (TDIs). However, evidence concerning the role of income inequality on TDIs in children is scarce. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between contextual income inequality over a 10-year period and TDIs in Brazilian children. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The study population comprised a representative sample of 5027 children aged 12 years who participated in the Brazilian oral health survey in 2010. City-level Gini Index was used to measure contextual income inequality in the years 2000 and 2010, as well as the variation in income inequality between 2000 and 2010. Covariates were gender, ethnicity, family income, number of people per room and incisal overjet. Clinical examinations were used to assess TDIs. Multivariable multilevel ordered multinomial logistic regression was used to estimate cumulative Odds Ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals between income inequality and TDIs. RESULTS: The prevalence of children who had one tooth with TDI and two or more teeth with TDIs was 15.2% and 6.4%, respectively. The maxillary central and left lateral incisors were the teeth most affected by TDIs. Gini coefficient reduction between the years 2000 and 2010 decreased the odds of TDIs even after adjustment for demographic and socio-economic characteristics, and incisal overjet. The likelihood of more TDIs decreased 21% for each 0.05 unit decrease in the Gini coefficient between the years 2000 and 2010. Boys, brown skin colour, overcrowding and incisal overjet greater than 5 mm remained statistically associated with TDIs in the final model. CONCLUSIONS: The decrease in income inequality over a 10-year period was inversely associated with TDIs among Brazilian children aged 12 years.

The different effects of neighbourhood and individual social capital on health-compromising behaviours in women during pregnancy: a multi-level analysis.

BACKGROUND: This study assessed clustering of three health-compromising behaviours and explored the association of neighbourhood and individual social capital with simultaneous health-compromising behaviours and patterns of those behaviours in women in the first trimester of pregnancy (baseline) and during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy (follow-up). METHODS: A longitudinal study was conducted on a representative sample of women recruited in antenatal care units grouped in 46 neighbourhoods from Brazil. Neighbourhood-level measures (social capital and socioeconomic status), individual social capital (social support and social networks) and socio-demographic variables were collected at baseline. Smoking, alcohol consumption and inadequate diet were assessed at baseline and follow-up. Clustering was assessed using an observed to expected ratio method. The association of contextual and individual social capital with the health-compromising behaviours outcomes was analyzed through multilevel multivariate regression models. RESULTS: Clustering of the three health-compromising behaviours as well as of smoking and alcohol consumption were identified at both baseline and follow-up periods. Neighbourhood social capital did not influence the occurrence of simultaneous health-compromising behaviours. More health-compromising behaviours in both periods was inversely associated with low levels of individual social capital. Low individual social capital predicted smoking during whole pregnancy, while high individual social capital increased the likelihood of stopping smoking and improving diet during pregnancy. Maintaining an inadequate diet during pregnancy was influenced by low individual and neighbourhood social capital. CONCLUSIONS: Three health-compromising behaviours are relatively common and cluster in Brazilian women throughout pregnancy. Low individual social capital significantly predicted simultaneous health-compromising behaviours and patterns of smoking and inadequate diet during pregnancy while low neighbourhood social capital was only relevant for inadequate diet. These findings suggest that interventions focusing on reducing multiple behaviours should be part of antenatal care throughout pregnancy. Individual and contextual social resources should be considered when planning the interventions.

A relação do capital social e do contexto ocupacional na autoavaliação de saúde e na qualidade de vida relacionada à saúdebucal em mulheres na gravidez e no pós-parto / The relationship between social capital and self-assessment in the context of occupational health and quality of life related to oral health in women during pregnancy and postpartum

As diferenças na saúde das pessoas ocorrem tanto devido às condições sociais, físicas e econômicas do bairro onde moram, como devido às suas características individuais. O capitalsocial de vizinhança – subproduto das relações interpessoais – tem sido apresentado como uma característica em nível de área que influencia a saúde dos indivíduos. Da mesma forma, ocapital social individual – representado pelas redes sociais e pelo apoio social – tem se associado consistentemente a desfechos em saúde. O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi investigar a relação do capital social de vizinhança e individual, e do contexto ocupacional,com desfechos subjetivos em saúde de mulheres gestantes e no pós-parto. Um estudo de coorte foi realizado em dois municípios do Estado do Rio de Janeiro envolvendo 1680 gestantes atendidas no pré-natal do SUS entre outubro de 2008 a dezembro de 2009. Oobjetivo principal desta coorte foi avaliar a associação entre capital social, desfechos indesejáveis da gestação e desenvolvimento infantil até os 6 meses. Esta tese apresenta seu conteúdo em formato de três artigos. No primeiro artigo, objetivou-se a compreensão dosbenefícios da rede social de mulheres com trabalho remunerado sobre a saúde bucal relacionada à qualidade de vida. O segundo artigo, com uma abordagem multinível, testou a associação do capital social de vizinhança e individual e a auto-avaliação de saúde consistentedurante a gravidez e seis meses após o parto. Usando a mesma abordagem multinível, o terceiro artigo testou a associação do capital social de vizinhança e individual e o impacto dasaúde bucal na qualidade de vida na gravidez e puerpério.

O principal achado do primeiro artigo foi a associação positiva entre a rede social no trabalho e o menor impacto da saúde bucal na qualidade de vida. Além disso, mulheres com redes sociais predominantemente domésticas e com apoio social moderado e baixo tiveram maiores chances de altos impactos da saúde bucal na qualidade de vida. O segundo artigo apresentou evidências de que o elevado capital social individual influencia a auto-avaliação de saúde durante a gravidez e nosprimeiros 6 meses após o parto. Ao contrário do capital social de vizinhança, que após ajuste para variáveis individuais, não apresentou associação com auto-avaliação em saúde. Noterceiro artigo, o capital social de vizinhança manteve a mesma tendência, mas o capital social individual apresentou um efeito independente sobre o impacto da saúde bucal na qualidade de vida. O efeito de ‘quem a mulher conhece e pode apoiá-la’, explicou melhor sua autoavaliaçãode saúde e o impacto da saúde bucal em sua qualidade de vida, do que ‘onde elavive’ durante a gestação e pós-parto.

The relationship between social capital, social support and the adequate use of prenatal care.

This study investigated the relationship between social capital and social support and the adequate use of prenatal care. A follow-up study involving 1,485 pregnant women was conducted in two cities in the Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, social support and social capital data were collected during the first trimester of pregnancy. The post-partum period included information on levels of prenatal care utilization, social networks, parity, obstetric and gestational risk and prenatal care attendance. Hierarchized multinomial logistic regression was used in the statistical analysis. Prenatal care use above adequate levels was associated with high social capital at the city level (aggregated social capital), socioeconomic status and working during pregnancy. Lower non-aggregated contextual and compositional social capital, gestational risk and pattern of prenatal care were associated with inadequate prenatal care utilization. Contextual social capital and social support were found to be social determinants for the appropriate use of prenatal care.

The relationship between social capital, social support and the adequate use of prenatal care / A relação entre capital social e suporte social com a adequação da utilização da atenção pré-natal

This study investigated the relationship between social capital and social support and the adequate use of prenatal care. A follow-up study involving 1,485 pregnant women was conducted in two cities in the Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, social support and social capital data were collected during the first trimester of pregnancy. The post-partum period included information on levels of prenatal care utilization, social networks, parity, obstetric and gestational risk and prenatal care attendance. Hierarchized multinomial logistic regression was used in the statistical analysis. Prenatal care use above adequate levels was associated with high social capital at the city level (aggregated social capital), socioeconomic status and working during pregnancy. Lower non-aggregated contextual and compositional social capital, gestational risk and pattern of prenatal care were associated with inadequate prenatal care utilization. Contextual social capital and social support were found to be social determinants for the appropriate use of prenatal care.

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a associação entre capital social e apoio social com a adequação da atenção pré-natal. Um estudo de seguimento que envolveu 1.485 gestantes foi realizado em duas cidades do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Características demográficas e socioeconômicas e dados de capital social e apoio social foram coletados no 1º trimestre da gestação. No pós-parto, registraram-se informações sobre adequação do pré-natal, redes sociais, risco obstétrico e gestacional e padrão de atendimento pré-natal. Regressão logística hierarquizada multinomial foi utilizada na análise. A utilização mais que adequada do pré-natal foi associada com maior capital social em nível de cidade (capital social agregado), status socioeconômico e trabalho durante a gravidez. Baixo capital social contextual não agregado e composicional, gestação de risco e padrão do uso do pré-natal foram associados com a utilização inadequada do pré-natal. O capital social contextual e o apoio social foram determinantes sociais para a adequação da utilização do pré-natal.

Housing conditions as a social determinant of low birthweight and preterm low birthweight / Condições de moradia como determinante social de baixo peso ao nascer e prematuro de baixo peso / Condiciones de vivienda como determinante social de bajo peso al nacer y de prematuro de bajo peso al nacer

OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationship between housing conditions and low birthweight and preterm low birthweight among low-income women. METHODS: A case-control study was conducted with post-partum women living in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Southeast Brazil, in 2003-2005. Two groups of cases, low birthweight (n=96) and preterm low birthweight infants (n=68), were compared against normal weight term controls (n=393). Housing conditions were categorized into three levels: adequate, inadequate, and highly inadequate. Covariates included sociodemographic and anthropometric characteristics, risk behaviors, violence, anxiety, satisfaction during pregnancy, obstetric history and prenatal care. RESULTS: Poor housing conditions was independently associated with low birthweight (inadequate - OR 2.3 [1.1;4.6]; highly inadequate - OR 7.6 [2.1;27.6]) and preterm low birthweight (inadequate - OR 2.2 [1.1;4.3]; highly inadequate - OR 7.6 [2.4;23.9]) and factors associated with outcomes were inadequate prenatal care and previous preterm birth. Low income and low maternal body mass index remained associated with low birthweight. CONCLUSIONS: Poor housing conditions were associated with low birthweight and preterm low birthweight.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a relação entre condições de moradia e baixo peso ao nascer e prematuridade associada ao baixo peso ao nascer nos filhos de mulheres de baixa renda. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado estudo caso-controle com mulheres no pós-parto residentes no município do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, em 2003-2005. Dois grupos de casos foram comparados com controles a termo e com peso normal (n = 393): baixo peso ao nascer (n = 96) e prematuridade associada ao baixo peso ao nascer (n = 68). As condições de moradia foram consideradas nos níveis: adequadas, inadequadas e muito inadequadas. As covariáveis investigadas foram características sociodemográficas, antropométricas, hábitos de risco, violência, ansiedade, satisfação com a gravidez, história obstétrica e cuidados pré-natais. RESULTADOS: Condições de moradia inadequadas foram independentemente associadas com baixo peso ao nascer (Inadequadas - OR = 2,3 (1,1;4,6) e muito inadequadas - OR = 7,6 (2,1;27,6) e com prematuridade associada ao baixo peso ao nascer (inadequadas - OR = 2,2 (1,1;4,3) e muito inadequadas - OR = 7,6 (2,4;23,9). Fatores associados com os desfechos incluíram cuidados pré-natais inadequados e prematuridade prévia. Baixa renda e baixo índice de massa corporal materno foram associados com baixo peso ao nascer. CONCLUSÕES: Condições de moradia inadequadas foram associadas com baixo peso ao nascer e prematuridade associada ao baixo peso ao nascer.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a relação entre condições de moradia e baixo peso ao nascer e prematuridade associada ao baixo peso ao nascer nos filhos de mulheres de baixa renda. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado estudo caso-controle com mulheres no pós-parto residentes no município do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, em 2003-2005. Dois grupos de casos foram comparados com controles a termo e com peso normal (n = 393): baixo peso ao nascer (n = 96) e prematuridade associada ao baixo peso ao nascer (n = 68). As condições de moradia foram consideradas nos níveis: adequadas, inadequadas e muito inadequadas. As covariáveis investigadas foram características sociodemográficas, antropométricas, hábitos de risco, violência, ansiedade, satisfação com a gravidez, história obstétrica e cuidados pré-natais. RESULTADOS: Condições de moradia inadequadas foram independentemente associadas com baixo peso ao nascer (Inadequadas - OR = 2,3 (1,1;4,6) e muito inadequadas - OR = 7,6 (2,1;27,6) e com prematuridade associada ao baixo peso ao nascer (inadequadas - OR = 2,2 (1,1;4,3) e muito inadequadas - OR = 7,6 (2,4;23,9). Fatores associados com os desfechos incluíram cuidados pré-natais inadequados e prematuridade prévia. Baixa renda e baixo índice de massa corporal materno foram associados com baixo peso ao nascer. CONCLUSÕES: Condições de moradia inadequadas foram associadas com baixo peso ao nascer e prematuridade associada ao baixo peso ao nascer.

Housing conditions as a social determinant of low birthweight and preterm low birthweight.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationship between housing conditions and low birthweight and preterm low birthweight among low-income women. METHODS: A case-control study was conducted with post-partum women living in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Southeast Brazil, in 2003-2005. Two groups of cases, low birthweight (n=96) and preterm low birthweight infants (n=68), were compared against normal weight term controls (n=393). Housing conditions were categorized into three levels: adequate, inadequate, and highly inadequate. Covariates included sociodemographic and anthropometric characteristics, risk behaviors, violence, anxiety, satisfaction during pregnancy, obstetric history and prenatal care. RESULTS: Poor housing conditions was independently associated with low birthweight (inadequate--OR 2.3 [1.1;4.6]; highly inadequate--OR 7.6 [2.1;27.6]) and preterm low birthweight (inadequate--OR 2.2 [1.1;4.3]; highly inadequate--OR 7.6 [2.4;23.9]) and factors associated with outcomes were inadequate prenatal care and previous preterm birth. Low income and low maternal body mass index remained associated with low birthweight. CONCLUSIONS: Poor housing conditions were associated with low birthweight and preterm low birthweight.

Partial recording protocols for periodontal disease assessment in epidemiological surveys / Protocolos de registros parciais para avaliação da doença periodontal em levantamentos epidemiológicos

The objective of the present study was to compare the reliability of four partial-mouth protocols for assessing shallow, moderate, and deep sites for periodontal pocket depth and clinical attachment levels. Periodontal pocket depth and clinical attachment level measurements were recorded for 156 subjects (age > 30). The four models of partial-mouth protocols compared were: Model I: all sites per tooth in the random half-mouth protocol randomly selecting one maxillary and mandibular quadrant, Model II: buccal sites in a full-mouth protocol, Model III: buccal sites in the random half-mouth protocol randomly selecting one maxillary and mandibular quadrant, Model IV: all sites per tooth using Community Periodontal Index teeth. In comparison with full mouth examination, Model I did not show significant differences for periodontal pocket depth and clinical attachment level parameters. Models II and III were different for some periodontal pocket depth means, and Model IV significantly overestimated all clinical parameters related to periodontal disease. Model I appears to be adequate to substitute for the full-mouth examination to assess the prevalence and severity of chronic periodontal disease in adults.

O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a confiabilidade para medidas periodontais de profundidade de bolsa à sondagem e nível clínico de inserção de quatro protocolos de registros parciais. Exames periodontais completos foram realizados em 156 indivíduos com idade > 30 anos. Quatro protocolos foram comparados ao exame periodontal completo: Modelo I: protocolo de dois quadrantes aleatórios, um superior e um inferior (seis sítios por dente), Modelo II: protocolo de quatro quadrantes (três sítios vestibulares por dente), Modelo III: protocolo de dois quadrantes aleatórios, um superior e um inferior (três sítios vestibulares por dente), Modelo IV: protocolo de seis sítios por dente nos dentes índices do índice Periodontal Comunitário. Ao comparar com o exame periodontal completo, o Modelo I não apresentou diferenças para nenhum dos parâmetros periodontais, os Modelos II e III foram diferentes em algumas médias de profundidade de bolsa à sondagem. O Modelo IV superestimou todos os parâmetros clínicos associados à doença periodontal. O Modelo I pareceu ser apropriado para substituir o exame periodontal completo para caracterização da prevalência e severidade da periodontite crônica em populações adultas.

Partial recording protocols for periodontal disease assessment in epidemiological surveys.

The objective of the present study was to compare the reliability of four partial-mouth protocols for assessing shallow, moderate, and deep sites for periodontal pocket depth and clinical attachment levels. Periodontal pocket depth and clinical attachment level measurements were recorded for 156 subjects (age > or = 30). The four models of partial-mouth protocols compared were: Model I: all sites per tooth in the random half-mouth protocol randomly selecting one maxillary and mandibular quadrant, Model II: buccal sites in a full-mouth protocol, Model III: buccal sites in the random half-mouth protocol randomly selecting one maxillary and mandibular quadrant, Model IV: all sites per tooth using Community Periodontal Index teeth. In comparison with full mouth examination, Model I did not show significant differences for periodontal pocket depth and clinical attachment level parameters. Models II and III were different for some periodontal pocket depth means, and Model IV significantly overestimated all clinical parameters related to periodontal disease. Model I appears to be adequate to substitute for the full-mouth examination to assess the prevalence and severity of chronic periodontal disease in adults.

Periodontal infection and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review of epidemiological studies

O objetivo desta revisão sistemática foi avaliar os estudos analíticos que relacionaram a doença periodontal como possível fator de risco para desfechos indesejáveis da gestação. Uma busca bibliográfica foi conduzida nas bases de dados MEDLINE, SciELO, LILACS e Banco de Teses da CAPES em dezembro de 2005. Uma revisão sistemática dos estudos epidemiológicos sobre doença periodontal e desfechos indesejáveis da gestação foi feita. Dentre os 964 estudos identificados, 36 preencheram os critérios de inclusão. Vinte e seis estudos encontraram associações entre a doença periodontal e desfechos indesejáveis da gestação. Observou-se uma heterogeneidade entre os estudos em relação ao método de mensuração na doença periodontal e os desfechos indesejáveis da gestação, não sendo possível realizar uma meta-análise. A maioria dos estudos apresentou falta de controle de variáveis de confusão que tornam suas conclusões duvidosas. Assim como suas limitações metodológicas não permitem adequadas conclusões sobre o real efeito da doença periodontal sobre os desfechos da gestação. Uma possível relação causal permanece desconhecida. Estudos analíticos com maior rigor metodológico, empregando medidas confiáveis para avaliar a exposição e o desfecho serão úteis nas pesquisas futuras.

Periodontal infection and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review of epidemiological studies.

The objective of this systematic review was to evaluate analytical studies on periodontal disease as a possible risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcomes. A literature search of the MEDLINE, SciELO, and LILACS bibliographic databases and CAPES thesis database was conducted up to December 2005, covering epidemiological studies of periodontal disease and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Of the 964 papers identified, 36 analytical studies met the inclusion criteria. Twenty-six epidemiological studies reported associations between periodontal disease and adverse pregnancy outcomes. There was a clear heterogeneity between studies concerning measurement of periodontal disease and selection of type of adverse pregnancy outcome. Therefore no meta-analysis was performed. Most studies did not control for confounders, thus raising serious doubts about their conclusions. The methodological limitations of most studies did not allow conclusions concerning the effects of periodontal disease on adverse pregnancy outcomes. Larger and methodologically rigorous analytical studies using reliable outcomes and exposure measures are recommended.

A relaçäo de fatores psicossocias com a doença periodontal / The relationship between psychosocial factors with periodontal disease

O conceito de que fatores psicológicos influenciados pelo meio ambiente social podem afetar doenças infecciosas fomentou investigaçöes na busca de associaçäo entre fatores psicossociais e patologias periodontais. Os estudos realizados abordaram diferentes doenças periodontais, bem como distintos fatores psicossociais, e tiveram considerável diversidade metodológica e amostral, permitindo diferentes conclusöes. As evidências científicas comprovam que fatores psicossociais säo agentes predisponentes para a gengivite necrosante aguda, mas näo säo aceitos como fatores de risco para a periodontite