Three smart spectrophotometric methods for resolution of severely overlapped binary mixture of Ibuprofen and Paracetamol in pharmaceutical dosage form.

Paracetamol is an analgesic-antipyretic drug and Ibuprofen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. They are co-formulated as tablets to improve analgesia, to simplify prescribing and to improve patient compliance. Three accurate, simple and sensitive spectrophotometric methods were developed for the simultaneous determination of Paracetamol and Ibuprofen in their co-formulated dosage form. The first method was the ratio difference, which was based on the measurement of the difference in absorbance between the two wavelengths (210.6 and 216.4 nm) for Ibuprofen and (236.0 and 248.0 nm) for Paracetamol. The second method was constant center method which depends on using the constant found in the ratio spectra. The third method was the mean centering of ratio spectra which measured the manipulated values at 240 nm and 237 nm for Ibuprofen and Paracetamol, respectively. Beer's law was obeyed in the concentration range of 2-50 µg/mL for Ibuprofen and 2-20 µg/mL for Paracetamol. The recovery % of the accuracy of both methods ranged from 99.64 to 100.56%. Factors affecting the resolution of the spectra were studied and optimized. The three methods are validated according to ICH guidelines and could be applied for the pharmaceutical preparation.

Smart spectrophotometric methods based on normalized spectra for simultaneous determination of alogliptin and metformin in their combined tablets.

Alogliptin (ALO) and metformin (MET) are coformulated for the treatment of type II diabetes mellitus. ALO is estimated at its λmax 277 nm (0D), while MET was determined accurately by four spectrophotometric methods with minimum manipulation steps based on normalized division spectrum namely; ratio difference, advanced amplitude modulation, first derivative ratio (1DD) and mean centering of the ratio spectra spectrophotometric methods. Linearity was acceptable over the concentration ranges of 5-40 and 2-16 µg/mL for ALO and MET, respectively. Accuracy and precision of the suggested methods were found to be within the acceptable limit. The specificity was inspected by analyzing laboratory prepared mixtures of the above drugs and their pharmaceutical preparation. The results of proposed and reported methods were statistically compared showing no significant difference regarding accuracy and precision. The developed methods could be applied for routine analysis of the cited drugs in quality control laboratories.

Analytical Eco-Scale for Assessing the Greenness of a Developed RP-HPLC Method Used for Simultaneous Analysis of Combined Antihypertensive Medications.

In the past few decades the analytical community has been focused on eliminating or reducing the usage of hazardous chemicals and solvents, in different analytical methodologies, that have been ascertained to be extremely dangerous to human health and environment. In this context, environmentally friendly, green, or clean practices have been implemented in different research areas. This study presents a greener alternative of conventional RP-HPLC methods for the simultaneous determination and quantitative analysis of a pharmaceutical ternary mixture composed of telmisartan, hydrochlorothiazide, and amlodipine besylate, using an ecofriendly mobile phase and short run time with the least amount of waste production. This solvent-replacement approach was feasible without compromising method performance criteria, such as separation efficiency, peak symmetry, and chromatographic retention. The greenness profile of the proposed method was assessed and compared with reported conventional methods using the analytical Eco-Scale as an assessment tool. The proposed method was found to be greener in terms of usage of hazardous chemicals and solvents, energy consumption, and production of waste. The proposed method can be safely used for the routine analysis of the studied pharmaceutical ternary mixture with a minimal detrimental impact on human health and the environment.

Application and validation of superior spectrophotometric methods for simultaneous determination of ternary mixture used for hypertension management.

Telmisartan (TL), Hydrochlorothiazide (HZ) and Amlodipine besylate (AM) are co-formulated together for hypertension management. Three smart, specific and precise spectrophotometric methods were applied and validated for simultaneous determination of the three cited drugs. Method A is the ratio isoabsorptive point and ratio difference in subtracted spectra (RIDSS) which is based on dividing the ternary mixture of the studied drugs by the spectrum of AM to get the division spectrum, from which concentration of AM can be obtained by measuring the amplitude values in the plateau region at 360nm. Then the amplitude value of the plateau region was subtracted from the division spectrum and HZ concentration was obtained by measuring the difference in amplitude values at 278.5 and 306nm (corresponding to zero difference of TL) while the total concentration of HZ and TL in the mixture was measured at their isoabsorptive point in the division spectrum at 278.5nm (Aiso). TL concentration is then obtained by subtraction. Method B; double divisor ratio spectra derivative spectrophotometry (RS-DS) and method C; mean centering of ratio spectra (MCR) spectrophotometric methods. The proposed methods did not require any initial separation steps prior the analysis of the three drugs. A comparative study was done between the three methods regarding their; simplicity, sensitivity and limitations. Specificity was investigated by analyzing the synthetic mixtures containing different ratios of the three studied drugs and their tablets dosage form. Statistical comparison of the obtained results with those found by the official methods was done, differences were non-significant in regard to accuracy and precision. The three methods were validated in accordance with ICH guidelines and can be used for quality control laboratories for TL, HZ and AM.

Simultaneous Determination of Cinnarizine and Dimenhydrinate in Binary Mixture Using Chromatographic Methods.

Two accurate and sensitive chromatographic methods have been developed and validated for simultaneous determination of cinnarizine (CIN) and dimenhydrinate (DIM). The first method uses simultaneous quantitative thin layer chromatography (TLC) spectrodensitometric evaluation of them, using ethyl acetate:methylene chloride (8 : 2 by volume) as a mobile phase. Chromatograms are scanned at 254 nm. This method analyzes CIN in a concentration range of 0.5-6 µg per band with mean percentage recovery of 99.78 ± 1.001 and DIM in a concentration range of 1-6 µg per band with mean percentage recovery of 99.87 ± 1.319. The second method is high-performance liquid chromatography using methanol:acetonitrile:water [85 : 10 : 5, by volume +0.5% tri ethyl amine (TEA)] as a mobile phase. The linearity was found to be in the range of 10-60 and 5-60 µg mL(-1) for CIN and DIM, respectively. The methods were successfully applied to the simultaneous determination of CIN and DIM in bulk powder, laboratory-prepared mixtures and pharmaceutical dosage forms. The validity of results was assessed by applying standard addition techniques. The results obtained are found to agree statistically with those obtained by a reported method, showing no significant difference with respect to accuracy and precision.

Development of normalized spectra manipulating spectrophotometric methods for simultaneous determination of Dimenhydrinate and Cinnarizine binary mixture.

Simultaneous determination of Dimenhydrinate (DIM) and Cinnarizine (CIN) binary mixture with simple procedures were applied. Three ratio manipulating spectrophotometric methods were proposed. Normalized spectrum was utilized as a divisor for simultaneous determination of both drugs with minimum manipulation steps. The proposed methods were simultaneous constant center (SCC), simultaneous derivative ratio spectrophotometry (S(1)DD) and ratio H-point standard addition method (RHPSAM). Peak amplitudes at isoabsorptive point in ratio spectra were measured for determination of total concentrations of DIM and CIN. For subsequent determination of DIM concentration, difference between peak amplitudes at 250 nm and 267 nm were used in SCC. While the peak amplitude at 275 nm of the first derivative ratio spectra were used in S(1)DD; then subtraction of DIM concentration from the total one provided the CIN concentration. The last RHPSAM was a dual wavelength method in which two calibrations were plotted at 220 nm and 230 nm. The coordinates of intersection point between the two calibration lines were corresponding to DIM and CIN concentrations. The proposed methods were successfully applied for combined dosage form analysis, Moreover statistical comparison between the proposed and reported spectrophotometric methods was applied.

Simultaneous determination of binary mixture of amlodipine besylate and atenolol based on dual wavelengths.

Four, accurate, precise, and sensitive spectrophotometric methods are developed for simultaneous determination of a binary mixture of amlodipine besylate (AM) and atenolol (AT). AM is determined at its λmax 360 nm ((0)D), while atenolol can be determined by four different methods. Method (A) is absorption factor (AF). Method (B) is the new ratio difference method (RD) which measures the difference in amplitudes between 210 and 226 nm. Method (C) is novel constant center spectrophotometric method (CC). Method (D) is mean centering of the ratio spectra (MCR) at 284 nm. The methods are tested by analyzing synthetic mixtures of the cited drugs and they are applied to their commercial pharmaceutical preparation. The validity of results is assessed by applying standard addition technique. The results obtained are found to agree statistically with those obtained by official methods, showing no significant difference with respect to accuracy and precision.

[Selective determination of itraconazole in the presence of its oxidative degradation product by a new spectrophotometric method].

A simple, specific, accurate and precise spectrophotometric stability indicating method is developed for determination of itraconazole in the presence of its oxidative degradation product and in pharmaceutical formulations. A newly developed spectrophotometric method called ratio difference method by measuring the difference in amplitudes between 230 and 265 nm of ratio spectra. The calibration curve is linear over the concentration range of 5-25 microg x mL(-1) with mean percentage recovery of 99.81 +/- 1.002. Selective quantification of itraconazole, singly in bulk form, pharmaceutical formulations and in the presence of its oxidative degradation product is demonstrated. The results have been statistically compared with a pharmacopeial method.

Application of a new spectrophotometric method manipulating ratio spectra for determination of bambuterol hydrochloride in the presence of its degradation product terbutaline.

A simple, specific, accurate and precise spectrophotometric stability indicating method is developed for determination of bambuterol hydrochloride (BH) in the presence of its degradation product terbutaline (TERB) and in pharmaceutical formulations. A newly developed spectrophotometric method called ratio difference method by measuring the difference in amplitudes between 245 and 260 on of ratio spectra. The calibration curves are linear over the concentration range of 0. 1 - 1 mg . mL-1 for BH and 0. 1-0. 7 mg . mL-1 for TERB with mean percentage recovery of 100. 56 ± 0. 751 and 99. 88 ± 1. 183, respectively. The selectivity of the proposed method is checked using laboratory prepared mixtures. The proposed method has been successfully applied to the analysis of BH in pharmaceutical dosage forms without interference from other dosage form additives and the results have been statistically compared with pharmacopeial method.

Comparative study of spectrophotometric methods manipulating ratio spectra: an application on pharmaceutical binary mixture of cinnarizine and dimenhydrinate.

Four simple, specific, accurate and precise spectrophotometric methods are developed and validated for simultaneous determination of cinnarizine (CIN) and dimenhydrinate (DIM) in a binary mixture with overlapping spectra, without preliminary separation. The first method is dual wavelength spectrophotometry (DW), the second is a ratio difference spectrophotometric one (RD) which measures the difference in amplitudes between 250 and 270 nm of ratio spectrum, the third one is novel constant center spectrophotometric method (CC) and the fourth method is mean centering of ratio spectra (MCR). The calibration curve is linear over the concentration range of 4-20 and 10-45 µg/ml for CIN and DIM, respectively. These methods are tested by analyzing synthetic mixtures of the above drugs and they are applied to commercial pharmaceutical preparation of the subjected drugs. The validity of results was assessed by applying standard addition technique. The results obtained were found to agree statistically with those obtained by a reported method, showing no significant difference with respect to accuracy and precision.

Spectrophotometric Methods for Simultaneous Determination of Amlodipine Besylate and Atenolol in Their Tablet Dosage Form.

Three simple, specific, accurate and precise spectrophotometric methods are developed for simultaneous determination of amlodipine besylate (AM) and atenolol (AT) in tablets. The first method is dual wavelength spectrophotometry (DW). The second method is ratio subtraction (RS) which depends on subtraction of the plateau values from the ratio spectrum, coupled to first derivative of ratio spectra (¹DD). The third method applies bivariate calibration method using 210 and 225 nm as an optimum pair of wavelength for amlodipine and atenolol. The calibration curves are linear over the concentration range of 4-40 µg · mL⁻¹ for both drugs. The specificity of the developed methods is investigated by analyzing laboratory prepared mixtures of the two drugs and their combined dosage form. The two methods are validated as per ICH guidelines and can be applied for routine quality control testing.

Stability-indicating methods for the determination of erdosteine in the presence of its acid degradation products.

Four accurate, sensitive, and reproducible stability-indicating methods for the determination of erdosteine in the presence of its acid degradation products are presented. The first method involves processing the spectra by using a first-derivative method at 229 nm in a concentration range of 10-70 microg/mL. The mean percentage recovery was 100.43 +/- 0.977. The second method is based on ratio-spectra first derivative spectrophotometry at 227.4 and 255 nm over a concentration range of 10-70 microg/mL. The mean percentage recovery was 99.65 +/- 1.122% and 100.02 +/- 1.306% at 227.4 and 255 nm, respectively. The third method utilizes quantitative densitometric evaluation of the TLC of erdosteine in the presence of its acid degradation products, and uses methanol-chloroform-ammonia (7 + 3 +/- 0.01, v/v/v) as the mobile phase. TLC chromatograms were scanned at 235 nm. This method analyzes erdosteine in a concentration range of 2.4-5.6 microg/spot, with a mean percentage recovery of 100.03 +/- 1.015%. The fourth method is HPLC for the simultaneous determination of erdosteine in the presence of its acid degradation products. The mobile phase consists of water-methanol (65 + 35, v/v). The standard curve of erdosteine showed good linearity over a concentration range of 10-80 microg/mL, with a mean percentage recovery of 99.90 +/- 1.207%. These methods were successfully applied to the determination of erdosteine in bulk powder, laboratory-prepared mixtures containing different percentages of the degradation products, and pharmaceutical dosage forms. The validity of results was assessed by applying the standard addition technique. The results obtained agreed statistically with those obtained by a reported method, showing no significant differences with respect to accuracy and precision.