Candidiasis cutánea congénita, ¿una entidad poco frecuente o infradiagnosticada? / Congenital cutaneous candidiasis. An infrequent or underdiagnosed entity?

La candidiasis cutánea congénita es una infección poco frecuente, producida por Candida spp., que se desarrolla en la primera semana de vida. Su curso es habitualmente benigno y autolimitado, aunque existen casos graves de infección diseminada. Se presentan 2 casos de recién nacidos con eritema generalizado y rápida evolución a exantema papulopustular. En los cultivos de las lesiones se aisló Candida albicans. Ambos recibieron tratamiento tópico y presentaron una evolución favorable y sin complicaciones. Se revisan los factores de riesgo, la fisiopatología, las formas de presentación y la evolución de la candidiasis cutánea congénita (AU)

Congenital cutaneous candidiasis is an uncommon infection due to Candida spp. which develops within the first week of life. It has usually a benign and self-limited course although there are serious cases of systemic disease. We review the cases of two newborns with disseminate erythema present at birth. Both of them showed a rapid evolution to a papulo-pustular rash. Candida Albicans was isolated in cultures of the cutaneous lesions. After topical treatment, newborns presented a favourable outcome without any complications. Risk factors, physiopathology, clinical presentation and outcome of congenital cutaneous candidiasis are revised (AU)

[Pontocerebellar hypoplasia type 1: a case report]. / Hipoplasia pontocerebelosa tipo 1: aportación de un caso.

INTRODUCTION: Pontocerebellar hypoplasias constitute a group of hereditary neurodegenerative disorders of uncertain aetiopathogenesis. They have been reported as being associated with deficiencies of complexes in the mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) and with congenital disorders of glycosylation. On the basis of clinical and neuropathological criteria, two phenotypes can be distinguished in this condition. Pontocerebellar hypoplasia type 1 is characterised by hypoplasia of the pons and the cerebellum associated with the degeneration of the motor neurons in the anterior horn of the spinal cord. CASE REPORT: A 4-year-old female with symptoms of severe psychomotor retardation associated with microcephaly, important generalised hypotonia, muscle hypotrophy, contractions in the four limbs, absence of stretch reflex and epilepsy with onset in the neonatal period. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain revealed pontocerebellar hypoplasia. An electroneuromyography showed a trace that was compatible with axonal neuropathy and a biopsy of the deltoid muscle revealed the existence of neurogenic muscular atrophy. In the MRC study conducted in muscle homogenate and in skin fibroblasts, complex IV values were found to be at the lower limits of what could be considered to be normal levels. Results of the genetic study for spinal muscular atrophy were negative. CONCLUSIONS: The case reported here could be included as a case of pontocerebellar hypoplasia type 1. MRC studies can be of interest in cases of pontocerebellar hypoplasia in order to explain the role it plays in this disorder.

Hipoplasia pontocerebelosa tipo 1: aportación de un caso / Pontocerebellar hypoplasia type 1: a case report

Introducción. Las hipoplasias pontocerebelosas son un grupo de trastornos neurodegenerativos hereditarios de etiopatogenia no aclarada. Se ha descrito su asociación con deficiencias de complejos de la cadena respiratoria mitocondrial (CRM) y con los trastornos congénitos de la glicosilación. Atendiendo a criterios clínicos y neuropatológicos se distinguen dos fenotipos en esta entidad. La hipoplasia pontocerebelosa tipo 1 se caracteriza por la hipoplasia del puente y del cerebelo asociada a la degeneración de las motoneuronas del asta anterior de la médula espinal. Caso clínico. Niña de 4 años que presentaba un retraso psicomotor grave asociado a microcefalia, una importante hipotonía generalizada, hipotrofia de masas musculares, contracturas en las cuatro extremidades, ausencia de reflejos de estiramiento y epilepsia de comienzo en el período neonatal. En la resonancia magnética cerebral se observó una hipoplasia pontocerebelosa. El estudio electromioneurográfico mostró un trazado compatible con neuropatía axonal y la biopsia del músculo deltoides una atrofia muscular neurogénica. En el estudio de la CRM en homogenado muscular y en fibroblastos cutáneos se detectaron unos valores del complejo IV en el límite bajo de la normalidad. El estudio genético de atrofia muscular espinal resultó negativo. Conclusiones. El caso descrito podría encuadrarse dentro de la hipoplasia pontocerebelosa tipo 1. El estudio de la CRM puede ser de interés en las hipoplasias pontocerebelosas con el fin de esclarecer su papel en este trastorno

Introduction. Pontocerebellar hypoplasias constitute a group of hereditary neurodegenerative disorders of uncertain aetiopathogenesis. They have been reported as being associated with deficiencies of complexes in the mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) and with congenital disorders of glycosylation. On the basis of clinical and neuropathological criteria, two phenotypes can be distinguished in this condition. Pontocerebellar hypoplasia type 1 is characterised by hypoplasia of the pons and the cerebellum associated with the degeneration of the motor neurons in the anterior horn of the spinal cord. Case report. A 4-year-old female with symptoms of severe psychomotor retardation associated with microcephaly, important generalised hypotonia, muscle hypotrophy, contractions in the four limbs, absence of stretch reflex and epilepsy with onset in the neonatal period. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain revealed pontocerebellar hypoplasia. An electroneuromyography showed a trace that was compatible with axonal neuropathy and a biopsy of the deltoid muscle revealed the existence of neurogenic muscular atrophy. In the MRC study conducted in muscle homogenate and in skin fibroblasts, complex IV values were found to be at the lower limits of what could be considered to be normal levels. Results of the genetic study for spinal muscular atrophy were negative. Conclusions. The case reported here could be included as a case of pontocerebellar hypoplasia type 1. MRC studies can be of interest in cases of pontocerebellar hypoplasia in order to explain the role it plays in this disorder