[Guidelines for the assessment of regional factors of the urban populations' exposure].

The paper presents guidelines for assessing regional exposure factors (EFs) according to the results of a questionnaire survey of about two thousand persons, including urban workers and/or adult students of the Central Federal District (CFD) and Siberian Federal District (SFD) of Russia. It has been ascertained that in CFD, annual exposure (324 days/year) is less than the standard value defaulted in Guidelines P 2.1.10.1920-04 (350 days/year), which causes a reduction in the chronic average daily dose. Town-dwellers spend the bulk of a day indoors (86 and 87% in CFD and SFD, respectively); 8 and 3% of a day on transport in CFD and SFD, and 7 and 10% indoors in these districts. The findings are in agreement with the data obtained by Russian and foreign investigators and suggest that the daily distribution of a microenvironmental load should be taken into account when health exposures and risks are estimated. The average daily tap water consumption in CFD (2.2 l/day) and SFD (1.7 l/day) is close to 90% percentile of the values recommended by the U.S. EPA (2.4 l/day) and the WHO or less than the value used in the calculation of the Russian maximum permissible concentrations for water (3.0 l/day). The time spent on water procedures by town-dwellers is 36.4 min/day in CFD and 37.6 min/day in SFD (while 29.2 min/day in rural dwellers in SFD) with the standard value of 30 min/day. The findings suggest that the use of the regional values of water-associated EFs increases the chronic average daily dose and therefore a risk upon oral, dermal, and inhalational exposure. The regional features of FEs have been kept in mind on assessing the risk upon multienvironmental exposures to the characteristic components of emission caused by aluminum works in CFD.

[Design of medical facilities for the saving of persons exposed to low temperatures]. / Razrabotka mediko-tekhnicheskikh sredstv dlia spaseniia liudei, podvergshikhsia vozdeistviiu nizkikh temperatur.

The paper describes medical facilities for saving victims of general cooling. Physiological ways of recovery of the thermal status of individuals exposed to general cooling are substantiated. A physiological rationale is presented for the design of engineering aids to prevent overcooling in persons who do their work in cold. The specifications of electric heating cloth used in the design of these medical rescue facilities are characterized.