[Synthesis of beta-maltosides, derivatives of p-nitrophenol, 2-chloro-4-nitrophenol, and 4-methylumbelliferone, and their use as substrates for determining alpha-glucosidase activity]. / Sintez beta-mal'tozidov, proizvodnykh p-nitrofenola, 2-khlor-4-nitrofenola i 4-metilumbelliferonea, i ikh ispol'zovanie v kachestve substratov dlia opredeleniia aktivnosti alpha-gliukozidazy.

Synthesis of beta-maltosides, p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-maltoside and 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-maltoside, based on interaction of hepta-acetate-beta-D-maltosyl fluoride with the corresponding trimethylsilyl ethers of p-nitrophenol and 4-methylumbelliferone is described. 2-Chloro-4-nitrophenyl-beta-D-maltoside was synthesized by interaction of hepta-acetate-alpha-D-maltosyl bromide with 2-chloro-4-nitrophenol in two phase system using phase transfer catalyst. The method of assay of neutral alpha-glucosidase from human kidney and urine using synthesized beta-maltosides (p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-maltoside, 2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl-beta-D-maltoside and 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-maltoside) as substrates and beta-glucosidase as an auxiliary enzyme is proposed. The method is simple, convenient and 10-fold more sensitive than the commonly used alpha-glucosidase assay procedure with the corresponding synthetic alpha-glucosides, p-nitrophenyl-alpha-D-glucoside and 4-methylumbelliferyl-alpha-D-glucoside. A modification of the method, with p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-maltoside as substrate, was applied to the semi-automatic assay of urinary alpha-glucosidase in 96-well microtitre plates.

[The concentration of calcium and its fractions during heart surgery using extracorporeal circulation]. / Kontsentratsiia kal'tsiia i ego fraktsii pri operatsiiakh na serdtse s iskusstvennym krovoobrashcheniem.

Changes in the concentration of calcium and its fractions have been studied in 115 patients subject to standard bypass techniques. It has been found that calcium homeostasis disturbances do really develop and are caused by the use of solutions that are not balanced with blood in their calcium content. The main source of calcium in hemodiluents was gelatinol. A decrease in gelatinol volume to 450-600 ml prevented the onset of marked hypercalcemia. As ionized calcium (Ca2+) concentration is determined not only by the total Ca level, but also by the shifts in the degree of pH- and pCO2-dependent ionization and binding and in ligand and protein content, Ca2+ determination is considered an optimal method of calcium homeostasis control during cardiopulmonary bypass.

[The dynamics of parathyroid hormone and calcitonin in surgery with artificial circulation]. / Dinamika paratireoidnogo gormona i kal'tsitonina pri operatsiiakh s iskusstvennym krovoobrashcheniem.

The use of considerable amounts of gelatinol in hypothermal perfusion determined the occurrence of marked hypercalcemia. The hormonal mechanism (parathyroid hormone and calcitonin) responsible for hypercalcemia compensation proved to be inefficient under hypothermal perfusion. A forced diuresis failed to result in rapid normalization of blood calcium concentrations. The volume of gelatinol used during extracorporeal circulation is not to exceed 500 ml.

[Selective ultrafiltration: a new variant of hemoconcentration during surgery with artificial circulation]. / Selektivnaia ul'trafil'tratsiia: novyi variant gemokontsentratsii pri operatsiiakh s iskusstvennym krovoobrashcheniem.

The authors provide an experience with a novel alternative of ultrafiltration hemoconcentration applied to 26 patients in surgery involving extracorporeal circulation. The advantages of the new procedure are maintenance of higher colloid-osmotic pressure, prevention of hyperglycemia, lower body elimination of biologically active compounds and drugs than those observed during the routine procedure of ultrafiltration comprising extracorporeal circulation.

[Magnesium levels in the blood of patients during surgery using cardiopulmonary bypass]. / Kontsentratsiia magniia v krovi bol'nykh pri operatsiiakh s iskusstvennym krovoobrashcheniem.

The use of gelatinol as a basic diluent for perfusion caused hypermagniemia (an increase in total magnesium plasma level-MgT-to 1.72 and in its ionized fraction -Mg2+- to 0.93 mmol/l) which persisted in the early postoperative period. Normal or elevated MgT plasma level does not exclude possible lowering in Mg2+ level.

[A method of evaluating the degree of activation of the complement system in patients during hemodialysis]. / Metod otsenki stepeni aktivatsii sistemy komplementa u patsientov pri gemodialize.

A quantitative criterion of the activation of the patient's complement during hemodialysis has been worked out on the basis of the proposed mathematical model. It has been shown that the activation of the complement system observed during hemodialysis and the negative clinical effects (leukopenia, hypoxia) accompanying it depend both on the membrane properties and the patient's individual response. A possibility has been revealed of using the above criterion for the individual choice of hemodialytic membranes in order to reduce the negative clinical effects connected with the activation of the complement system.

[Middle molecule compounds of the plasma in heart surgery patients in operations with artificial circulation and blood ultrafiltration]. / Srednemolekuliarnye soedineniia plazmy u kardiokhirurgicheskikh bol'nykh pri operatsiiakh s iskusstvennym krovoobrashcheniem i ul'trafil'tratsiei krovi.

Venous plasma middle molecule compounds (MMC) were determined in 63 cardiosurgical patients, operated on for acquired heart diseases or coronary disease, with assisted circulation (AC) and with or without blood ultrafiltration (BUF). Intraoperative MMC level was superior to that of normal donors, and tended to decrease during AC, while BUF had basically no effect on MMC content, in spite of the latter's withdrawal with the ultrafiltrate.

[X-ray features of fibrous osteodystrophy and osteomalacia in patients with chronic renal insufficiency under present-day treatment]. / Rentgenologicheskie osobennosti fibroznoi osteodistrofii i osteomaliatsii u bol'nykh s khronicheskoi pochechnoi nedostatochnost'iu v usloviiakh sovremennogo ee lecheniia.

The authors present the results of clinicoroentgenological and biochemical investigations in 102 patients with chronic renal insufficiency after hemodialysis and in 76 patients after kidney transplantation. The nature of secondary hyperparathyroid fibrous osteodystrophy and osteomalacia as main symptoms of nephrogenic osteodystrophy (NO), their interrelation and correlation are analysed. Of 178 patients pathological changes of the bone system were revealed in 94 (52.9%). The combination of fibrous osteodystrophy and osteomalacia (22%) is regarded as a contraindication for parathyroidectomy. Effective kidney transplantation does not prevent NO though its specificity changes: osteomalacia is more marked, osteonecrosis and soft tissue calcification are more common. The chief method of radiodiagnosis of NO is routine radiography of the skeleton supplemented by small feature contact radiography and x-ray image color analysis on the UAR and TELEVAN TV units. Comparative roentgenodensitometry of the bones and CT of the parathyroid glands contributed to obtaining objective information but was of applied value.

[Activation of the complement system during hemodialysis]. / Aktivatsiia sistemy komplementa pri gemodialize i vozmozhnost' ee prognozirovaniia.

One of the adverse effects of haemodialysis is activation of the complement system occurring at the contact of blood with the dialyser membrane. In vitro conditions it was found by means of a modified method of registering haemolitic complement activity pre- and post-incubation with the membrane that the activation of complement in a given blood donor depends both on the inherent complement reactivity and on the surface physico-chemical qualities. The contribution of each component was estimated by means of the coefficient of spontaneous speed (kspont) and of induced speed (kind) of complement activation. The comparison of the results of the complement system activation in vivo (in 9 dialysed patients) with the in vitro results made it possible to use the designed kinetic model in prognostication of the complement system of a given patient subjected to haemodialysis.