Prevalence of non-tuberculous mycobacteria in HIV-infected patients admitted to hospital with pneumonia.

People living with the human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH) may be particularly vulnerable to the consequences of non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) given their defective T cell-mediated immunity and high rates of structural lung disease. To determine the prevalence of NTM in PLWH hospitalized with pneumonia and to assess the potential predictors of NTM isolation. Secondary data analysis of a prospective cohort study (2007-2011) of early bronchoscopy in PLWH presenting with suspected pneumonia was undertaken. Subjects with any species of NTM, henceforth described as 'NTM of undetermined significance' (NTM-US), isolated from sputum or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), were included in the analysis. Potential predictors were chosen a priori. Among 196 HIV-infected subjects hospitalized with pneumonia, 96 had respiratory samples positive for NTM-US, with 91% of all NTM-US isolated from sputum compared with BALF. The overall prevalence of NTM-US was 49% (96/196). More NTM subjects were smokers (P = 0.08), with a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (P = 0.08). Among those with pathogenic NTM, 39% (34/88) would have met American Thoracic Society microbiologic criteria for NTM pulmonary disease (17% of total cohort). Respiratory cultures, predominantly sputum samples, were positive for NTM-US in 45% of HIV-infected subjects admitted to hospital for pneumonia. Further research is needed to characterize the prevalence of NTM in PLWH and help establish specific diagnostic criteria in this population. .