[Analysis of conflict situations in orthodontics by Moscow Municipal Committee for Expert Evaluation of Orthodontic Treatment and Denture Making]. / Analiz konfliktnykh situatsii v ortopedicheskoi stomatologii po dannym gorodskoi komissii Moskvy po ékspertize ortopedicheskogo lecheniia i izgotovleniia zubnykh protezov.

The activities of Municipal Committee for Expert Evaluation of Orthodontic Treatment and Fitting with Dentures promote resolution of conflicts: only 5-7% conflict affairs are investigated in the court after investigation in the Committee. A total of 686 patients, mainly with combined maxillofacial diseases, were consulted for 3.5 years of its work. Each patient had 2 diseases and/or complications, on the average. The most frequent complaints were associated with common crowns. The patients complained of pain, poor cement fixation of bridge dentures, and difficult chewing. The most common deviations from routine regulations of orthodontic treatment, which led to development of complications, are enumerated.

[Use of phacolin in patients with allergic reaction to anti-cataract eye drops]. / Primenenie fakolena u bol'nykh s allergicheskoi reaktsiei na antikataraktal'nyeglaznye kapli.

Allergic reaction to ++anti-cataract eye drops was confirmed in 11.1-34.8 percent of patients with these drops intolerance. Administration of phacolin in capsules to such patients helped eliminate the local allergic reactions. Phacolin had a reparative therapeutic effect in patients with metabolic involvement of the cornea (postherpetic, dystrophic, and other ones). None of the seventy-two patients treated with phacolin, twenty of them were treated with the drug for 2 to 5 years, complained of the drug intolerance.

[Imidazoles in the treatment of ocular mycoses]. / Imidazoly v lechenii mikozov glaza.

The use of a new class of broad spectrum antifungal drugs i.e. imidazoles and in particular ketoconazole in treatment of severe affections of the eye such as mycoses is described. The clinical trials included 40 patients with various forms of mycosis: mycotic canaliculitis (6 patients), mycotic blepharitis (4 patients), mycotic conjunctivitis (7 patients), keratomycosis (17 patients) and mycotic endophthalmitis (6 patients). Ketoconazole was used in the form of tablets and instillations. The combined treatment included nonsteroid antiinflammatory drugs and antibacterial agents. The clinical trials showed that ketoconazole had pronounced antifungal activity and was rather efficient in treatment of ocular mycoses. Its broad spectrum and low toxicity were recorded.

[Ketoconazole in the treatment of ocular mycoses]. / Ketokonazol v lechenii mikozov glaza.

Ketoconazole (aronazole manufactured by Janssen Pharmaceutica, Belgium) was used in the therapy of 29 patients with mycoses of the organ of vision, 5 of these with mycotic canaliculitis, 5 with mycotic conjunctivitis, 13 with keratomycosis, and 6 with mycotic endophthalmitis. The patients were administered 1 tablet of oronazole (200 mg of ketoconazole) daily usually for 2-3 weeks. In 6 cases with severe keratomycoses ketoconazole emulsion was additionally administered 5-6 times daily into the eye (in drops). 19 patients (including all those with keratomycosis) were cured, in 5 cases the clinical status improved, in another 5 no effect was achieved. No side effects were recorded. These data are in accord with the literature reports on the high efficacy of ketoconazole in the treatment of mycotic involvement of the organ of vision and on the high antimycotic spectrum of this drug.

[Effect of acceleration on pilot-sportsmen during aerial performances]. / Vliianie peregruzok na organizm letchika-sportsmena pri poletakh na vysshii pilotazh.

Cardiovascular responses of sports-pilots to aerobatic maneuvers have been inadequately studied. However many Soviet and foreign authors believe that acceleration effects may seriously deteriorate pilot performance. Our study has shown that cardiovascular changes are to maintain the necessary level of blood pressure in brain and eye arteries. During exposure to +Gz heart rate may be as high as 160 beats/min while during exposure to -Gz it may be as low as 60 beats/min. Pulse photoplethysmography recorded inflight has shown that during exposure to +Gz its amplitude decreases until pulse oscillations disappear, suggesting the development of visual disorders. Pulse photoplethysmography has revealed cardiac arrhythmias in the form of extrasystoles in some pilots. It has also been demonstrated that during flight cardiac arrhythmias can be best detected with the aid of correlation rhythmography.

[Characteristics of the G-loads in sports stunt flying]. / Kharakteristika peregruzok pri sportivnykh poletakh na vyshii pilotazh.

Thirty well-qualified flying sportsmen, aged 22-42, who performer 210 aerobatic flights onboard a sporting airplane Yak-50, were examined, using an automatic monitoring system. The flyers were exposed to +9 Gz and -6 Gz as a maximum the duration of which was 10 s and 5 s, respectively. The onset rate varied from 0.5 to 2.5 G/s (with the mean rate 1 G/s), reaching 4.2 G/s as a maximum. On the average, the training flight lasts 25 min, 45-50% of which the pilot experiences acceleration of various values and different sign. The most common acceleration values are: +6 and +7 Gz or -4 and -5 Gz.

[Changes in cardiac output and orthostatic tolerance of astronauts]. / Izmeneniia minutnogo ob'ema krovoobrashcheniia i ortostaticheskaia ustoichivost' kosmonautov.

Examinations of 14 cosmonauts who performed orbital flights of 14 to 175 days were used to correlate cardiac output (CO) inflight with orthostatic tolerance and LBNP reactions postflight. In 3 crewmembers CO was lower than or close to the preflight level. In 4 cosmonauts CO was higher thant preflight. The remaining 7 crewmembers showed lower orthostatic tolerance and stronger LBNP reactions. The difference between mean CO values before and during flight was in negative correlation with orthostatic tolerance (r = -0.6) and in positive correlation with LBNP reactions (r = 0.7). The correlation coefficients were derived from small samples but an identical relationship between the two different tests with inflight CO variations gives evidence that such a relationship actually exists.

[Comparative evaluation of the circulatory reaction during work in weightlessness and in the mockup of the Saliut station]. / Sravnitel'naia otsenka reaktsii krovoobrashcheniia pri rabote v nevesomosti i v makete stantsii "Saliut".

Comparative evaluations of circulation responses of 22 operators and 13 cosmonauts to simulated and real flights onboard Salyut station revealed significant differences. By the end of flight cardiovascular responses of the operators showed signs of their increased conditioning, whereas the cosmonauts exhibited symptoms of circulation tension, which were particularly expressed during the first week and by the end of flight. Operators' activities in an orbital station mockup cannot be considered an adequate model for cardiovascular studies.

[Comparison of direct and indirect methods of determining cardiac output]. / Sravnenie priamykh i kosvennykh metodov opredeleniia serdechnogo vybrosa krovi.

In anesthetized dogs cardiac output was measured directly (by the method of Fick and by electromagnetic flowmetry) and indirectly (by the method of Bremser-Ranke and by rheography). The measurements were carried out before and after drug tests. The absolute values of cardiac output at rest differed depending on the method used. After the drug test all the methods revealed distinctly changes in cardiac output. A good correlation between flowmetric and rheographic methods was demonstrated. In view of this, they can be recommended to be used in rapidly changing hemodynamic situations. The method of Bremser-Ranke proved more suitable for the processes developing within 30-40 sec.

[Theoretical values for left ventricular ejection time during weightlessness]. / K voprosu o dolzhnykh velichinakh perioda izgnaniia krovi levym zheludochkom v usloviiakh nevesomosti.

The relationship between duration of blood ejection and cardiac cycle at rest can be well described by a linear function. This relationship is maintained in weightlessness as well. The derived formula used in calculations of the theoretical values of the ejection phase during an exposure to LBNP makes it possible to predict LBNP test tolerance in the weightless state. The level of deviation of factual values of heart rate from theoretical values may be an additional index to be used in assessing health status of crewmembers inflight.

[LBNP test reactions of Salyut-5 orbital station crew members]. / Reaktsiia chlenov ékipazhei orbital'noi stantsii "Saliut-5" na probu s ODNT.

During the 49-day mission (first expedition) the Commander did not show a decline in LBNP tolerance, whereas the Flight-Engineer showed a progressive decrease in LBNP tolerance beginning with Mission Day 23. During the 17-day mission (second expedition) the Flight-Engineer exhibited greater cardiovascular reactions to LBNP than the Commander. Postflight examinations confirmed the observations made in the weightless state.

[Hemodynamics and the phase structure of the cardiac cycle in the 1st crew members of Saliut-5 at rest]. / Gemodinamika i fazovaia struktura serdechnogo tsikla u chlenov pervogo ékipazha "Saliut-5" v usloviiakh pokoia.

In the Salyut-5 flight studies of circulatory functions were continued. Heart rate, arterial pressure, time intervals of the left and right ventricles were measured at rest. Peripheral resistance and cardiac output were calculated. At early flight stages cardiovascular changes occurred due to an increased blood inflow to the heart. During the second half of the mission cardiac output and arterial pressure remained elevated, as fatigue of the cosmonauts increased.

[Blood circulation under physical load in the crew members of the 1st Saliut-6 base expedition]. / Krovoobrashchenie pri fizicheskoi nagruzke u chlenov ékipazha pervoi osnovnoi ékspeditsii "Saliut-6".

During the 96-day flight aboard the Salyut-6 station the crewmembers showed a satisfactory response to bicycle ergometry of moderate load. However, cardiovascular regulation during exercise declined, particularly by the end of the first and the beginning of the second month. This was mainly associated with deconditioning due to an inadequate work load. Its increase helped to restore an initial level of circulation during exercise by the end of the mission.

[Hemodynamic and cardiac cycle phase structure study of the Saliut-4 crew]. / Issledovanie gemodinamiki i fazovoi struktury serdechnogo tsikla u ékipazha "Saliut-4".

The paper gives the results of physical examinations of P.I. Klimuk and V.I. Sevastyanov during their flight aboard the orbital station Salyut-4. The examinations were carried out by means of the Polynomial-2 device at rest and under the conditions approximating basal metabolism. Since the end of the first flight week the circulation parameters did not differ substantially from the preflight values. Stroke volume and cardiac output increased slightly. In weightlessness circulation parameters varied with respect to the work done by the cosmonauts. On the first postflight day peripheral resistance, arterial pressure and cardiac output were increased.

[Circulatory studies in LBNP on board the "Saliut-4" orbital station]. / Issledovaniia krovoobrashcheniia pri ODNT na orbital'noi stantsii "Saliut-4".

Orthostatic tolerance of the Salyut-4 crewmembers was measured by means of LBNP tests (--25 mm Hg for 2 min and --35 mm Hg for subsequent 3 min). Orthostatic tolerance decreased, remaining, however, satisfactory throughout the 2-month flight. During LBNP tests the pattern of most cardiovascular changes inflight and on the earth was similar. In weightlessness heart rate increased reaching maximum preflight values; cardiac output and stroke volume decreased noticeably; the systolic time interval changed significantly. The recommended regimen of LBNP did not deteriorate the health state of the crewmembers and was adequate to predict their orthostatic tolerance. Criteria for the evaluation of the health condition of space crewmembers were developed.

[Change in the hemodynamics and phase structure of the cardiac cycle in the crew of the 2d "Saliut-4" expedition]. / Izmenenie gemodinamiki i fazovoi struktury serdechnogo tsikla u ékipazha vtoroi ékspeditsii "Saliut-4"

Medical examinations of the Salyut-4 crewmembers included bicycle ergometry tests. During the tests the heart rate and the time intervals of the left ventricle were measured. On the 46th flight day the arterial pressure, cardiac output and peripheral resistance were also determined. In the course of the 63-day flight responses to the 5 min workload of 2100-2200 kgm did not differ essentially from the preflight level, and did not increase with the flight time. Circulation changes noted in zero-g and upon return to I g were similar and can be accounted for by a reduction of the circulating blood volume. Inflight during the first minutes after the workload more marked changes in the cardiac output and cycle were detected. This can be attributed to a relatively stronger effect of blood pooling in working muscles on the venous return of the blood. On the 3rd postflight day the arterial pressure and the velocity of the aortal propagation of the pulse wave were higher.