[Diabetic retinopathy risk factors]. / Fatores de risco para retinopatia diabética.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) occurs in about 95% of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) and in 60% of type 2 DM patients and it is the main cause of legal blindness in adult people. The aim of this manuscript was to review the main risk factors for DR. The major environmental risk factors are hyperglycemia, high blood pressure levels, and long-term duration of DM. However, not all patients will not develop DR, suggesting the presence of a genetic predisposition to DR, especially for severe forms of DR. Special strategies has been used to evaluate the genetic role in DR. Family studies shown that there is a familial aggregation of DR. Candidates genes have been studied (RAGE; VEGF; PPAR-delta; ICAM-1; ECA; ENPP 1; eNOS) and positive or negative associations with DR were demonstrated. Some chromosomes were also associated to DR in selected populations. Finally, genetic expression studies reinforce the association of candidate genes, or participation of others genes, with the presence of DR. DR is a common complication of DM and, along with non-genetic or environmental risk factors, the identification of genes related to DR could result in more specific and efficient DR treatment.

Fatores de risco para retinopatia diabética: [revisão] / Diabetic retinopathy risk factors: [review]

A retinopatia diabética (RD) acomete cerca de 95 por cento dos pacientes com diabetes melito tipo 1 (DM1) e 60 por cento dos pacientes com diabetes melito tipo 2 (DM2), sendo a principal causa de cegueira legal em adultos. O objetivo desse manuscrito foi revisar os principais fatores de risco para RD. Os fatores de risco ambientais mais importantes são a hiperglicemia sustentada, os valores elevados de pressão arterial e a longa duração de DM. Entretanto, nem todos os pacientes desenvolvem RD, o que sugere a presença de fatores genéticos, em especial para as formas graves de RD. Diferentes estratégias têm sido utilizadas para avaliar o papel da genética na RD. Estudos de famílias demonstraram agregação familiar de RD. Genes candidatos têm sido estudados (RAGE; VEGF; PPAR-delta; ICAM-1; ECA; ENPP 1; eNOS), observando-se associações positivas ou negativas com a RD. Também alguns cromossomos, em populações selecionadas, foram associados à RD. Finalmente, estudos de expressão genética reforçam a associação de genes candidatos, ou determinam a participação de outros, com a presença da RD. A RD é uma complicação freqüente do DM e junto com os fatores não-genéticos ou ambientais, a identificação de genes relacionados à RD poderá resultar tratamentos mais específicos e eficazes para a RD.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) occurs in about 95 percent of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) and in 60 percent of type 2 DM patients and it is the main cause of legal blindness in adult people. The aim of this manuscript was to review the main risk factors for DR. The major environmental risk factors are hyperglycemia, high blood pressure levels, and long-term duration of DM. However, not all patients will not develop DR, suggesting the presence of a genetic predisposition to DR, especially for severe forms of DR. Special strategies has been used to evaluate the genetic role in DR. Family studies shown that there is a familial aggregation of DR. Candidates genes have been studied (RAGE; VEGF; PPAR-delta; ICAM-1; ECA; ENPP 1; eNOS) and positive or negative associations with DR were demonstrated. Some chromosomes were also associated to DR in selected populations. Finally, genetic expression studies reinforce the association of candidate genes, or participation of others genes, with the presence of DR. DR is a common complication of DM and, along with non-genetic or environmental risk factors, the identification of genes related to DR could result in more specific and efficient DR treatment.

Vascular endothelial growth factor and inhibin A in follicular fluid of infertile patients who underwent in vitro fertilization with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist, minimal stimulation protocol, in the follicular fluid by measuring vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and inhibin A. DESIGN: A cross-sectional prospective study. SETTING: Academic hospital. PATIENT(S): Seventy infertile patients submitted to in vitro fertilization (IVF). INTERVENTION(S): Patients were divided into two groups: group 1 (study) included 30 infertile patients subjected to IVF with a GnRH antagonist (minimal stimulation protocol); group 2 (control) included 40 infertile women who underwent natural-cycle IVF. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Follicular fluid VEGF and inhibin A measurements. RESULT(S): The groups were comparable in terms of age, body mass index (BMI), and infertility characteristics. Moreover, follicular fluid VEGF and inhibin A concentrations (medians) were, respectively, 776 pg/ml (95% confidence interval [CI]: 775-1483) and 3,115 pg/mL (95% CI: 1,349-2,502) for group 1; 1,187.50 pg/mL (95% CI: 1,020-1,560) and 3,123.00 pg/mL (95% CI: 1,888-2,735) for group 2 (P>.05). CONCLUSION(S): We demonstrated that GnRH antagonist administration in infertile patients undergoing IVF did not alter the follicular fluid content of VEGF and inhibin A, and, probably, maturation and quality of oocytes as well. These results demonstrated the usefulness and safety of this drug on controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) protocols.

Risk factors, morbidity, and mortality associated with atrial fibrillation in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence of atrial fibrillation in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery, its impact on morbidity, mortality, and hospital stay, and to analyze the risk factors in the pre, trans, and postoperative periods. METHOD: Contemporary cohort study with 158 adult patients undergoing cardiac surgery, of whom those with atrial fibrillation in the preoperative period were excluded. The patients were assessed with continuous cardiac monitoring and daily electrocardiograms. Any episode of irregular rhythm with the presence of f waves of variable morphology and amplitude was considered atrial fibrillation. RESULTS: The general incidence of atrial fibrillation was 28.5%, being 21.6% for revascularized patients and 44.3% for those undergoing valvular repair. Factors independently associated with atrial fibrillation were left heart failure in the preoperative period (p=0.05; RC=2.2), total fluid balance (p=0.01; RC=1.0), duration of surgery (p=0.03; RC=1.01) [and other associated factors, age > 70 years, aortic valvular disease, psychomotor agitation, length of installation of the drains, pulmonary congestion and respiratory insufficiency in the postoperative period]. The use of beta-blockers (p=0.01; RC=0.3) was a protective factor. Atrial fibrillation in the postoperative period was associated with an increase in the length of hospital stay (16.9+/-12.3 days versus 9.2+/-4.0 days, p<0.001) and a greater incidence of stroke or postoperative death (p=0.02). CONCLUSION: The incidence of atrial fibrillation in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery was high and caused a significant increase in morbidity, mortality, and the length of hospital stay. Among the independent risk factors, excessive fluid balance is significant. The use of beta-blockers was identified as a protective factor.

Fatores de risco e morbimortalidade associados à fibrilação atrial no pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca / Risk factors, morbidity, and mortality associated with atrial fibrillation in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery

OBJETIVO: Determinar a incidência de fibrilação atrial no pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca, seu impacto sobre a morbimortalidade e o tempo de internação hospitalar e analisar os fatores de risco presentes no pré, trans e pós-operatório. MÉTODO: Estudo de coorte contemporâneo com 158 pacientes adultos submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca, sendo excluídos aqueles com fibrilação atrial no pré-operatório. Os pacientes foram avaliados por monitorização cardíaca contínua e eletrocardiogramas diários e a fibrilação atrial considerada como qualquer episódio de ritmo irregular, com presença de ondas f de morfologia e amplitude variáveis. RESULTADOS: A incidência de fibrilação atrial foi de 28,5 por cento, sendo 21,6 por cento para os pacientes revascularizados e 44,3 por cento para os submetidos à correção valvar. Fatores independentemente associados à fibrilação atrial foram insuficiência cardíaca esquerda no pré-operatório (p=0,05; RC=2,2), balanço hídrico total (p=0,01; RC=1,0), tempo de cirurgia (p=0,03; RC=1,01) e outros fatores associados: idade > 70 anos, doença valvar aórtica, agitação psicomotora, tempo de permanência de drenos, congestão pulmonar e insuficiência respiratória no pós-operatório. O uso de betabloqueadores (p=0,01; RC=0,3) foi um fator de proteção. Fibrilação atrial pós-operatória associou-se a aumento do tempo de internação hospitalar (16,9 ± 12,3 dias vs 9,2 ± 4,0 dias, p<0,001) e a maior incidência de acidente vascular cerebral ou óbito pós-operatório, (p=0,02). CONCLUSAO: A incidência de fibrilação atrial no pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca foi elevada e ocasionou significativo aumento de morbimortalidade e tempo de internação hospitalar. Entre os fatores de risco independentes destaca-se o balanço hídrico excessivo e, como fator protetor, uso de betabloqueadores.