Treatment With Platelet Lysate Inhibits Proteases of Synovial Fluid in Equines With Osteoarthritis.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent arthropathy in sport horses. The administration of a platelet lysate (PL) is an alternative method for the treatment of musculoskeletal conditions. The mechanisms by which PL exerts its beneficial effects have not been determined, and less is known about its effect on the activity of the proteolytic enzymes of the synovial fluid of equines with OA. In this work, the effect of the administration of PL to horses with OA was analyzed both clinically and molecularly by determining the levels of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 5 (ADAMTS-5), glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1) in synovial fluid. One mL of PL was administered intra-articularly followed by the extraction of synovial fluid on days 0, 10, 30, and 60. Results were evaluated by an analysis of variance for repeated measures. The levels of MMP-9 decreased significantly (P < .05) on day 10 after treatment with PL. A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 5 decreased significantly on days 10 (P < .05), 30 (P < .05), and 60 (P < .01) after treatment. The levels of synovial TIMP-1 increased significantly on day 30 (P < .001) after treatment. Glycosaminoglycans showed a significant increase on days 10 (P < .05) and 30 (P < .01). A significant decrease was found for MMP-2 on day 10 (P < .01), 30 (P < .01), and 60 (P < .001). In conclusion, the beneficial effects of PL in OA could be attributed to the decreased activity of MMP-2, MMP-9, and ADAMTS-5 and the increased concentration of GAGs and TIMP-1 after the administration of platelet-rich plasma.

Prolactin and its receptor as therapeutic targets in glioblastoma multiforme.

Although prolactin (PRL) and its receptor (PRLR) have been detected in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), their role in its pathogenesis remains unclear. Our aim was to explore their contribution in GBM pathogenesis. We detected PRL and PRLR in all GBM cell lines tested. PRLR activation or overexpression using plasmid transfection increased proliferation, viability, clonogenicity, chemoresistance and matrix metalloproteinase activity in GBM cells, while PRLR antagonist ∆1-9-G129R-hPRL reduced their proliferation, viability, chemoresistance and migration. Meta-analysis of transcriptomic data indicated that PRLR was expressed in all grade II-III glioma (GII-III) and GBM samples. PRL was upregulated in GBM biopsies when compared to GII-III. While in the general population tumour PRL/PRLR expression did not correlate with patient survival, biological sex-stratified analyses revealed that male patients with PRL+/PRLRHIGH GBM performed worse than PRL+/PRLRLOW GBM. In contrast, all male PRL+/PRLRHIGH GII-III patients were alive whereas only 30% of PRL+/PRLRLOW GII-III patients survived after 100 months. Our study suggests that PRLR may be involved in GBM pathogenesis and could constitute a therapeutic target for its treatment. Our findings also support the notion that sexual dimorphism should be taken into account to improve the care of GBM patients.

Estudio comparativo de la fase temprana de artritis experimental en 3 modelos de ratas / A comparative study of early stage arthritis in three experimental rat models

Resumen Objetivo: Comparar y caracterizar modelos de osteoartritis inducida en ratas en una fase temprana (7 días luego de la inducción). Materiales y métodos: Este es un estudio retrospectivo que compara resultados de experiencias previas. Se compararon los modelos de: a) corte del ligamento cruzado anterior (CLX), y artritis inducida por adyuvante en sus 2 variedades, b) subplantar (ASP) y c) intraarticular (AIA). Las variables analizadas fueron: estado clínico, histología, radiología y marcadores séricos de inflamación (IL-1p, IL-4, IL-6, TNF-a, MMP-2 y MMP-9). Resultados: El modelo AIA presenta diferencias significativas en diversos parámetros cuando se compara con el grupo control. Además, los niveles de IL-1 fueron elevados en todos los modelos de osteoartritis respecto al basal, siendo más pronunciados en los grupos CLX y AIA (p< 0,001). Por otra parte, el valor más bajo de IL-4 fue observado en el grupo AIA (p<0,001 frente al grupo basal). Además, los valores más elevados de MMP-2 fueron observados en el modelo ASP. Conclusiones: Si bien se usan y se comparan de manera indistinta los modelos de artritis en ratas como si fueran similares, en este trabajo demostramos que en un estadio temprano los modelos se comportan bastante diferentes en la mayoría de las variables estudiadas.

Abstract Objective: To assess osteoarthritis in rat models at an early stage (7 days after induction). Materials and methods: This is a retrospective study comparing results from previous experiments. The models compared were: a) anterior cruciate ligament transection model (CLX), and an adjuvant-induced arthritis model in two varieties b) sub-plantar (ASP), and c) intra-articular (AIA). Seven days after osteoarthritis (OA) induction, an analysis was made of the clinical, histological, radiological, and serological inflammatory markers (IL-1[3, IL-4, IL-6, TNF-a, MMP-2, and MMP-9). Results: The AIA model produced significant differences in several parameters, when compared to the control group. However, the levels of IL-1 were higher in all OA models than in the baseline group, being more pronounced in the CXL and AIA groups (P < .001). Surprisingly, the lowest value for IL-4 was observed in the AIA group (P < .001 versus baseline group). Furthermore, the most elevated values of MMP-2 were observed in the ASP model. Conclusions: Although arthritis rat models are used and compared interchangeably as if they were the same, it is shown in this work that at an early stage the models behave quite different in most of the studied variables.

Efecto del alendronato sobre el perfil de citoquinas y metaloproteinasas 2 y 9 en un modelo múrido de artritis experimental / Alendronate effects on cytokines and metalloproteases 2 and 9 profiles in an experimental arthritis murine model

Resumen Introducción: La artritis es una de las artropatías más frecuentes, se caracteriza por el daño que produce en el cartílago articular y la resorción ósea subcondral. El diagnóstico temprano es de crucial importancia para instaurar una terapia preventiva, ya que, en ocasiones, la enfermedad es diagnosticada al presentarse lesiones óseas de difícil resolución. Objetivos: Caracterizar, en un modelo múrido de artritis experimental producida por adyuvante, el perfil de distintos biomarcadores articulares, interleuquinas (IL-4, IL-6 y TNF-a) y metaloproteasas (MMP-2 y MMP-9), que permitan seguir la evolución de la enfermedad y analizar sus diferencias, al aplicar el tratamiento con alendronato en forma preventiva o curativa. Materiales y métodos: El alendronato, en forma preventiva, se aplicó el día 0 y de manera curativa a los dos meses posadyuvante. Se realizó un puntaje de los síntomas clínicos; al sacrificio, se determinaron los marcadores articulares y se realizaron los estudios histopatológicos y radiográficos. Resultados: Lo más destacable fue que el grupo que recibió el alendronato, de manera preventiva, alcanzó un puntaje clínico normal de manera más temprana que el grupo control con adyuvante. Asimismo, los animales tratados con alendronato presentaron valores significativamente más bajos de metaloproteasas. Conclusiones: Nuestros resultados sugieren que, aparentemente, el alendronato disminuye la actividad de proteasas vinculadas a la fisiopatología de la enfermedad articular, lo cual podría resultar sumamente beneficioso para la terapéutica a instaurar.

Abstract Introduction: Arthritis is one of the most common arthropathies, characterized by cartilage damage associated with subchondral bone resorption. Early diagnosis is crucial for the prevention of subchondral bone lesions. Objectives: To use an experimental adjuvant arthritis rat model, to measure joint biomarkers, interleukins (IL-4, IL-6 and TNF-a), and metalloproteases (MMP-2 and MMP-9) to follow the progression of the disease and to analyze the possible changes in the different treatment groups, with preventive or curative alendronate. Materials and methods: Preventive alendronate was applied on day 0, and a curative regimen 2 months post-adjuvant. A clinical scale score was used for characterizing clinical symptoms, and, at sacrifice, joint biomarkers and histopathological and radiographic studies were determined. Results: The most notable result was that the group that received preventive alendronate reached a normal clinical score faster than control adjuvant group. All alendronate groups showed significantly lower MMPs levels. Conclusions: Alendronate apparently decreases proteases activity linked to the pathophysiology of joint disease, this could be extremely beneficial for the clinical outcome of arthritis.