Basic host response parameters to classify mortality risk in COVID-19 and community-acquired pneumonia.

Improved phenotyping in pneumonia is necessary to strengthen risk assessment. Via a feasible and multidimensional approach with basic parameters, we aimed to evaluate the effect of host response at admission on severity stratification in COVID-19 and community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Three COVID-19 and one CAP multicenter cohorts including hospitalized patients were recruited. Three easily available variables reflecting different pathophysiologic mechanisms-immune, inflammation, and respiratory-were selected (absolute lymphocyte count [ALC], C-reactive protein [CRP] and, SpO2/FiO2). In-hospital mortality and intensive care unit (ICU) admission were analyzed as outcomes. A multivariable, penalized maximum likelihood logistic regression was performed with ALC (< 724 lymphocytes/mm3), CRP (> 60 mg/L), and, SpO2/FiO2 (< 450). A total of 1452, 1222 and 462 patients were included in the three COVID-19 and 1292 in the CAP cohort for the analysis. Mortality ranged between 4 and 32% (0 to 3 abnormal biomarkers) and 0-9% in SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia and CAP, respectively. In the first COVID-19 cohort, adjusted for age and sex, we observed an increased odds ratio for in-hospital mortality in COVID-19 with elevated biomarkers altered (OR 1.8, 3, and 6.3 with 1, 2, and 3 abnormal biomarkers, respectively). The model had an AUROC of 0.83. Comparable findings were found for ICU admission, with an AUROC of 0.76. These results were confirmed in the other COVID-19 cohorts Similar OR trends were reported in the CAP cohort; however, results were not statistically significant. Assessing the host response via accessible biomarkers is a simple and rapidly applicable approach for pneumonia.

Is the long-term mortality similar in COVID-19 and community-acquired pneumonia?

Introduction: There are no data on the association of type of pneumonia and long-term mortality by the type of pneumonia (COVID-19 or community-acquired pneumonia [CAP]) on long-term mortality after an adjustment for potential confounding variables. We aimed to assess the type of pneumonia and risk factors for long-term mortality in patients who were hospitalized in conventional ward and later discharged. Methods: Retrospective analysis of two prospective and multicentre cohorts of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 and CAP. The main outcome under study was 1-year mortality in hospitalized patients in conventional ward and later discharged. We adjusted a Bayesian logistic regression model to assess associations between the type of pneumonia and 1-year mortality controlling for confounders. Results: The study included a total of 1,693 and 2,374 discharged patients in the COVID-19 and CAP cohorts, respectively. Of these, 1,525 (90.1%) and 2,249 (95%) patients underwent analysis. Until 1-year follow-up, 69 (4.5%) and 148 (6.6%) patients from the COVID-19 and CAP cohorts, respectively, died (p = 0.008). However, the Bayesian model showed a low probability of effect (PE) of finding relevant differences in long-term mortality between CAP and COVID-19 (odds ratio 1.127, 95% credibility interval 0.862-1.591; PE = 0.774). Conclusion: COVID-19 and CAP have similar long-term mortality after adjusting for potential confounders.

Endothelial Damage, Neutrophil Extracellular Traps and Platelet Activation in COVID-19 vs. Community-Acquired Pneumonia: A Case-Control Study.

COVID-19 has been a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. It has marked a paradigm shift when considering other types of pneumonia etiology. We analyzed the biomarkers related to endothelial damage and immunothrombosis in COVID-19 in comparison to community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) through a case-control study of 358 patients with pneumonia (179 hospitalized with COVID-19 vs. 179 matched hospitalized with CAP). Endothelial damage markers (endothelin and proadrenomedullin), neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) (citrullinated-3 histone, cell-free DNA), and platelet activation (soluble P-selectin) were measured. In-hospital and 1-year follow-up outcomes were evaluated. Endothelial damage, platelet activation, and NET biomarkers are significantly higher in CAP compared to COVID-19. In-hospital mortality in COVID-19 was higher compared to CAP whereas 1-year mortality and cardiovascular complications were higher in CAP. In the univariate analysis (OR 95% CIs), proADM and endothelin were associated with in-hospital mortality (proADM: CAP 3.210 [1.698-6.070], COVID-19 8.977 [3.413-23.609]; endothelin: CAP 1.014 [1.006-1.022], COVID-19 1.024 [1.014-1.034]), in-hospital CVE (proADM: CAP 1.623 [1.080-2.439], COVID-19 2.146 [1.186-3.882]; endothelin: CAP 1.005 [1.000-1.010], COVID-19 1.010 [1.003-1.018]), and 1-year mortality (proADM: CAP 2.590 [1.644-4.080], COVID-19 13.562 [4.872-37.751]; endothelin: CAP 1.008 [1.003-1.013], COVID-19 1.026 [1.016-1.037]). In conclusion, COVID-19 and CAP showed different expressions of endothelial damage and NETs. ProADM and endothelin are associated with short- and long-term mortality.

Neutrophil Extracellular Traps and Platelet Activation for Identifying Severe Episodes and Clinical Trajectories in COVID-19.

The role of NETs and platelet activation in COVID-19 is scarcely known. We aimed to evaluate the role of NETs (citrullinated histone H3 [CitH3], cell-free DNA [cfDNA]) and platelet activation markers (soluble CD40 ligand [CD40L] and P-selectin) in estimating the hazard of different clinical trajectories in patients with COVID-19. We performed a prospective study of 204 patients, categorized as outpatient, hospitalized and ICU-admitted. A multistate model was designed to estimate probabilities of clinical transitions across varying states, such as emergency department (ED) visit, discharge (outpatient), ward admission, ICU admission and death. Levels of cfDNA, CitH3 and P-selectin were associated with the severity of presentation and analytical parameters. The model showed an increased risk of higher levels of CitH3 and P-selectin for ED-to-ICU transitions (Hazard Ratio [HR]: 1.35 and 1.31, respectively), as well as an elevated risk of higher levels of P-selectin for ward-to-death transitions (HR: 1.09). Elevated levels of CitH3 (HR: 0.90), cfDNA (HR: 0.84) and P-selectin (HR: 0.91) decreased the probability of ward-to-discharge transitions. A similar trend existed for elevated levels of P-selectin and ICU-to-ward transitions (HR 0.40); In conclusion, increased NET and P-selectin levels are associated with more severe episodes and can prove useful in estimating different clinical trajectories.

Residual pulmonary infiltrates, symptoms and diffusion impairment at 1-year after severe COVID-19 infection have different associated factors.

INTRODUCTION: After severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pneumonia, patients may show lung sequelae on radiology and functional impairment at the 1-year follow-up. We aimed to describe the persistence of symptoms, radiological alterations, or reduced diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO ) at 1-year follow-up in patients from the Spanish Registry RECOVID. METHODS: RECOVID collected symptom and radiological and functional lung tests data on hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 during the acute phase and at the 6- and 12-month follow-up visits. RESULTS: Of the 2500 enrolled survivors (90% admitted to the ward), 1874 had follow-up visits for up to a year. Of these, 42% continued to present with symptoms, 27% had radiological sequelae and 31% had reduced DLCO . Independently associated factors included female sex, asthma and the requirement for invasive or non-invasive mechanical ventilation. Complete radiological resolution was 72.2% at 12 months; associated factors with incomplete recovery were age, male sex, oxygen or respiratory support, corticosteroids and an initial SpO2 /FiO2 <450 or CURB-65 ≥2. Reduced DLCO was observed in 31% of patients at 12 months; associated factors were older age, female sex, smoking habit, SpO2 /FiO2 <450 and CURB-65 ≥2 and the requirement of respiratory support.At 12 months, a proportion of the asymptomatic patients showed reduced DLCO (9.5%), radiological findings (25%) or both (11%). CONCLUSIONS: The factors associated with symptom persistence, incomplete radiological resolution and DLCO <80% differed according to age, sex, comorbidities and respiratory support. The burden of symptoms, reduced DLCO and incomplete radiological resolution were considerable in patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia at the 1-year follow-up after hospitalisation.

Relevance of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Routine Clinical Practice: A Pilot Study.

INTRODUCTION: The main goal of treatment in cancer patients is to achieve the highest therapeutic effectiveness with the least iatrogenic toxicity. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are anticancer oral agents, usually administered at fixed doses, which present high inter- and intra-individual variability due to their pharmacokinetic characteristics. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) can be used to optimize the use of several types of medication. OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the use of TDM of TKIs in routine clinical practice through studying the variability in exposure to erlotinib, imatinib, lapatinib, and sorafenib and dose adjustment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analytical study involving patients who received treatment with TKIs, guided by TDM and with subsequent recommendation of dose adjustment. The quantification of the plasma levels of the different drugs was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The Clinical Research Ethics Committee of the Hospital Quirónsalud Torrevieja approved this study. RESULTS: The inter-individual variability in the first cycle and in the last monitored cycle was 46.2% and 44.0% for erlotinib, 48.9 and 50.8% for imatinib, 60.7% and 56.0% for lapatinib and 89.7% and 72.5% for sorafenib. Relationships between exposure and baseline characteristics for erlotinib, imatinib, lapatinib and sorafenib were not statistically significant for any of the variables evaluated (weight, height, body surface area (BSA), age and sex). Relationships between height (p = 0.021) and BSA (p = 0.022) were statistically significant for sorafenib. No significant relationships were observed between Ctrough and progression-free survival (PFS) or overall survival (OS) for any drug, except in the case of sunitinib (correlation between Ctrough and PFS p = 0.023) in the exposure-efficacy analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Erlotinib, imatinib, lapatinib and sorafenib show large inter-individual variability in exposure. TDM entails a significant improvement in exposure and enables more effective and safe use of TKIs in routine clinical practice.

A Nanostructured Cu(II) Coordination Polymer Based on Alanine as a Trifunctional Mimic Enzyme and Efficient Composite in the Detection of Sphingobacteria.

This research raises the potential use of coordination polymers as new useful materials in two essential research fields, allowing the obtaining of a new multiartificial enzyme with the capacity to inhibit the growth of bacteria resistance. The fine selection of the ligands allows the design of a new 2D coordination polymer (CP), with the formula [Cu2(IBA)2(OH2)4]n·6nH2O, by the combination of Cu (II) as the metal center with a pseudoamino acid (H2IBA = isophthaloyl bis ß-alanine). Quantitative total X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) analyses show that the obtained CP can gradually release Cu (II) ions. Additionally, this CP can be nanoprocessed and transformed into a metal-organic gel (MOG) by using different Cu (II) salt concentrations and the application of ultrasounds. Considering its nanometric dimensions, the slow Cu (II) release and its simple processability, its performance as an artificial enzyme, and its antibacterial ability were explored. The results obtained show the first nanocoordination polymer acting as an artificial multienzyme (peroxidase, catalase, and superoxodismutase) exhibiting antibacterial activity in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, with selective behavior for three bacterium strains (S. spiritovirum, A. faecales, and B. cereus). Indeed, this CP shows a more robust inhibition capacity for Sphingobacterium. Going beyond that, as there are no comfortable and practically clinical tests capable of detecting the presence of Sphingobacteria, the compound can be easily embedded to form moldable gelatin that will facilitate the handling and low-cost commercial kits.

Ceftobiprole medocaril

Ceftobiprole medocaril is a broad-spectrum 5th-generation cephalosporin with activity against Gram-positives such asmethicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, and against Gram-negatives such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The recommended doseis 500 mg every 8 h in 2-hour infusions. Various clinical trialshave demonstrated its usefulness in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia and nosocomial pneumonia, with theexception of ventilator-associated pneumonia. In summary, itis a very useful antibiotic for the treatment of pneumonia. (AU)

Immune treatment in COVID-19

Current immune treatment directed to avoid viral replication relies mainly in convalescent plasma and monoclonalantibodies (mAbs). No clinical benefit for convalescent plasmahas been reported in a meta-analysis and systematic reviewcompared to standard of care. MAbs are recombinant proteinscapable to bind with SARS-CoV-2 preventing its entrance into cells. Several mAbs have shown reduction in viral load and/or progression of the disease such as casirivimab-imdevimab,bamlanivimab-etesevimab and sotrovimab. After the apparition of Omicron variant, it has been reported that sotrovimabretained its activity whereas the other two combinations exhibited loss of neutralizing activity. Several aspects as the target population, timing and doses, serological patient statusand evolution of variants still require attention, monitorizationand further studies for knowledge gaps (AU).

Pulmonary Nocardiosis. A case report

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Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in patients with STEMI. Association with percutaneous coronary intervention and antithrombotic treatments.

BACKGROUND: Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are formed by DNA, histones and proteolytic enzymes, and are produced by activated neutrophils through different mechanisms. In turn, NETs can activate platelets and coagulation cascade favoring thrombotic processes. The aims of this study were to analyze levels and kinetics of NETs in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients and correlate them with antithrombotic therapy and cardiovascular outcomes at follow-up. METHODS: 150 consecutive STEMI patients referred to primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI) were included. Citrate anticoagulated blood was extracted immediately before pPCI, 30 min and 24 h after the procedure. As markers of NETS cell free DNA (cfDNA), nucleosomes and citrullinated Histone 3 (citH3) were determined. 46 healthy subjects were included as controls. Patients were follow-up for 1.4 ± 0.56 years. RESULTS: Before pPCI, NETs markers were elevated in STEMI patients compared to healthy controls (p < 0.05); these increased significantly 30 min post pPCI (p ≤ 0.001) and decreased at 24 h but remained elevated compared with the control group (p < 0.05). Patients treated with bivalirudin presented a lower increase of NETs 30 min post pPCI compared to patients treated with heparin (p < 0.05). Cardiovascular risk factors or type of stent implanted did not modify NETs levels. Cit3H (HR = 3.74; 95%CI 1.05-13.4; p = 0.042) and left ventricular ejection fraction ≤35% (HR = 6.84; 95%CI 2-23; p = 0.002) were independent predictors of composite endpoint of myocardial infarction, stroke, stent thrombosis and/or cardiovascular-cause death. CONCLUSIONS: NETs were elevated in STEMI patients, increased by pPCI and decreased thereafter. One of the most specific NETs markers was associated with cardiovascular outcomes.

Acute and sustained increase in endothelial biomarkers in COVID-19.

Endothelial injury is related to poor outcomes in respiratory infections yet little is known in relation to COVID-19. Performing a longitudinal analysis (on emergency department admission and post-hospitalisation follow-up), we evaluated endothelial damage via surrogate systemic endothelial biomarkers, that is, proadrenomedullin (proADM) and proendothelin, in patients with COVID-19. Higher proADM and/or proendothelin levels at baseline were associated with the most severe episodes and intensive care unit admission when compared with ward-admitted individuals and outpatients. Elevated levels of proADM or proendothelin at day 1 were associated with in-hospital mortality. High levels maintained after discharge were associated with reduced diffusing capacity.

Stimuli-responsive nanomaterials for cancer treatment: boundaries, opportunities and applications.

Small molecule drugs, including most chemotherapies, are rapidly degraded and/or eliminated from the body, which is why high doses of these drugs are necessary, potentially producing toxic effects. Several types of nanoparticles loaded with anti-cancer drugs have been designed to overcome the disadvantages of conventional therapies. Modified nanoparticles can circulate for a long time, thus improving the solubility and biodistribution of drugs. Furthermore, they also allow the controlled release of the payload once its target tissue has been reached. These mechanisms can reduce the exposure of healthy tissues to chemotherapeutics, since the drugs are only released in the presence of specific tumour stimuli. Overall, these properties can improve the effectiveness of treatments while reducing undesirable side effects. In this article, we review the recent advances in stimuli-responsive albumin, gold and magnetic nanostructures for controlled anti-cancer drug delivery. These nanostructures were designed to release drugs in response to different internal and external stimuli of the cellular environment, including pH, redox, light and magnetic fields. We also describe various examples of applications of these nanomaterials. Overall, we shed light on the properties, potential clinical translation and limitations of stimuli-responsive nanoparticles for cancer treatment.

Rational Design of Copper(II)-Uracil Nanoprocessed Coordination Polymers to Improve Their Cytotoxic Activity in Biological Media.

This work is focused on the rational structural design of two isostructural Cu(II) nano-coordination polymers (NCPs) with uracil-1-acetic acid (UAcOH) (CP1n) and 5-fluorouracil-1-acetic acid (CP2n). Suitable single crystals for X-ray diffraction studies of CP1 and CP2 were prepared under hydrothermal conditions, enabling their structural determination as 1D-CP ladder-like polymeric structures. The control of the synthetic parameters allows their processability into water colloids based on nanoplates (CP1n and CP2n). These NCPs are stable in water at physiological pHs for long periods. However, interestingly, CP1n is chemically altered in culture media. These transformations provoke the partial release of its building blocks and the formation of new species, such as [Cu(UAcO)2(H2O)4]·2H2O (Cu(II)-complex), and species corresponding to the partial reduction of the Cu(II) centers. The cytotoxic studies of CP1n versus human pancreatic adenocarcinoma and human uveal melanoma cells show that CP1n produces a decrease in the cell viability, while their UAcOH and Cu(II)-complex are not cytotoxic under similar conditions. The copper reduction species detected in the hydrolysis of CP1n are closely related to the formation of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) detected in the cytotoxic studies. These results prompted us to prepare CP2n that was designed to improve the cytotoxicity by the substitution of UAcO by 5-FUAcO, taking into account the anticancer activity of the 5-fluorouracil moiety. The new CP2n has a similar behavior to CP1n both in water and in biological media. However, its subtle structural differences are vital in improving its cytotoxic activity. Indeed, the release during the hydrolysis of species containing the 5-fluorouracil moiety provokes a remarkable increase in cellular toxicity and a significant increase in ROS species formation.

The Impact of Variants in Four Genes: MC4R, FTO, PPARG and PPARGC1A in Overweight and Obesity in a Large Sample of the Brazilian Population.

Obesity and overweight are worldwide public health problems with an evident genetic predisposition that is still poorly understood. In addition, great variability has been described across populations. In this work, we analyzed the association of variants in four genes: PPARG (rs1801282), PPARGC1A (rs8192678), FTO (rs9939609) and MC4R (rs17782313) with overweight and obesity in a large sample of the Brazilian population. The case-control study involved 4084 individuals (1844 with overweight or obesity; and 2240 with normal BMI). Genotyping was performed by quantitative PCR. MC4R rs17782313-C was associated with obesity (OR = 1.27, p = 0.038) and when stratifying by sex associated only in women (OR = 1.36, p = 0.030). FTO rs9939609-A allele was associated with overweight however for women it represented a risk factor (OR = 1.24, p = 0.034) and for men, a protective factor (OR = 0.68, p = 0.033). PPARG was the strongest associated gene, with both overweight and obesity, and this association was also restricted to women (rs1801282-GG OR = 1.46, p = 0.027). The combined effect of the three risk alleles on overweight and obesity had an OR of 1.65 (p = 0.008) and when stratifying by sex again it was significant only in females (OR = 1.95, p = 0.0028). Our findings indicate that the three genes play a significant role in predisposing to overweight and/or obesity in the Brazilian population, reaching together a relatively high impact on these traits. Interestingly our results also suggest a strong sex-specific genetic effect of these variants.

RB1 and TP53 co-mutations correlate strongly with genomic biomarkers of response to immunity checkpoint inhibitors in urothelial bladder cancer.

BACKGROUND: Muscle invasive urothelial bladder carcinoma (MIBC) present RB1 and TP53 somatic alterations in a variable percentage of tumors throughout all molecular subtypes. MIBCs with neuroendocrine features have a high response rate to immunity checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Whether the presence of somatic co-alterations in these 2 genes in MIBCs is relevant to their responsiveness to ICIs is not known. METHODS: The potential correlation of different genomic biomarkers of response to ICIs like tumor mutational burden (TMB), single nucleotide variants (SNV) predicted neoantigens, DNA damage response (DDR) genes, DNA somatic signatures and TILs infiltrate was explored in patients with somatic co-alterations in RB1 and TP53 (RB1&TP53) as compared with patients with no alterations in any (double wild type, DWT) or with alterations in just one of the 2 genes. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) pancancer BLCA dataset of cystectomy specimens (n = 407) with mutation, copy number alterations and transcriptomic (RNA sequencing) data as well as the IMVigor 210 study (n = 348) of metastatic urothelial bladder cancers treated with atezolizumab (PD-L1 inhibitor) with clinical response data containing transcriptomic (RNA sequencing), along with a subset (n = 274) with mutation and copy number data were used for this purpose. A novel tumor microenvironment metascore (TMM) was developed based in a LASSO regularized Cox model with predictive and prognostic ability. RESULTS: Samples with co-altered RB1&TP53: a) were enriched in immunity effectors (CD8 cytotoxic lymphocytes, NK cells) and display higher scores of a T cell inflamed signature; b) have a higher TMB, higher number of SNV predicted neoantigens and higher TILs fractions; c) have a higher number of DDR mutated and deep deleted DDR genes; d) have DNA somatic signatures 2 and 13 related to APOBEC mutagenesis. Using the IMVigor 210 dataset, RB1&TP53 samples had the highest response rate to atezolizumab and a strong correlation with TMB and TMM. The consensus molecular subtype classification in the IMVigor 210 dataset showed a significant correlation with both the response to treatment (p = 0.001, Chisquare) and the presence of RB1 and TP53 genomic alterations (p < 0.001, Chisquare). CONCLUSIONS: RB1&TP53 co-alterations are strongly associated with genomic biomarkers of response to ICIs in MIBCs.

Albumin-based nanostructures for uveal melanoma treatment.

Uveal melanoma (UM) is an intraocular tumor which is almost lethal at the metastatic stage due to the lack of effective treatments. In this regard, we have developed an albumin-based nanostructure (ABN) containing AZD8055 (ABN-AZD), which is a potent mTOR kinase inhibitor, for its efficient delivery to the tumors. The drug has been conjugated to ABN using tailored linkers that have a disulfide moiety, allowing its release selectively and effectively in the presence of an elevated concentration of glutathione, such as inside the tumoral cells. Our therapeutic approach induced significant cellular toxicity in uveal melanoma cells, but not in non-tumoral keratinocytes, highlighting the excellent selectivity of the system. In addition, these nanostructures showed excellent activity in vivo, decreasing the tumor surface compared to the free AZD8055 in mice models. Remarkably, the results obtained were achieved employing a dose 23 times lower than those used in previous reports.

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Erlotinib in Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma: A Case Study.

ABSTRACT: We describe a clinical case of an 84-year-old man diagnosed with non-small cell lung carcinoma and epidermal growth factor receptor mutation, who was treated with erlotinib, with doses adjusted by therapeutic drug monitoring. This case involved a clearance fluctuation leading to over-therapeutic drug concentrations of erlotinib and toxicity. The intrapatient and interpatient variability of erlotinib, in addition to other factors such as age or variations in liver clearance, create situations that are challenging in clinical practice. During treatment, erlotinib serum concentrations were measured, and the dose was accordingly adjusted. The erlotinib dose required to reduce toxicity (rash grade III) and maintain effective plasma concentrations, as well as clinical and radiological responses, was 50% of the initial dose, underscoring the relevance of therapeutic drug monitoring for tyrosine kinase inhibitors in routine clinical practice.