[Free amino acids in human blood during the initial period of exposure to antiorthostatic hypokinesia]. / Svobodnye aminokisloty krovi cheloveka v nachal'nom periode nakhozhdeniia v usloviiakh antiortostaticheskoi gipokinezii.

The concentration of 17 free amino acids in plasma of 6 test subjects, aged 20, who were for 7 days exposed to head-down tilt and remained on a controlled diet, was measured. The study revealed an increase in the concentration of most amino acids by the end of day 3 and all amino acids by the end of day 7. This indicates that the diet used is a good source of the required amino acids and that there are processes which facilitate an increase of amino acids during the first days of exposure. The concentration of most amino acids returned to the baseline level on the 7th recovery day.

[Effect of a space diet on valine concentrations in the blood]. / Vliianie pitaniia ratsionami kosmonautov na soderzhanie valina v krovi.

The content of valine was measured in plasma of 6 healthy male test subjects who were either on a normal or Salyut-5 space diet for 30 days. The measurements were performed with the aid of a Hitachi KLA-3B amino acid analyzer. Unlike other studies, blood samples were withdrawn every 5 days. The results suggest that the postflight decrease of the valine content is associated with the food composition. This makes it necessary to improve the amino acid composition of space diets and the technology of their manufacture. The foodstuffs used in the recovery period should be supplemented with amino acids, particularly valine, to compensate for enhanced anabolic processes.

[Blood amino acids in astronauts before and after a 211-day space flight]. / Aminokisloty krovi u kosmonavtov do i posle 211-sutochnogo kosmicheskogo poleta.

The plasma content of 17 free amino acids of the Commander and Flight-Engineer of Salyut-1-Soyuz-T was examined before flight and on postflight days 1 and 7. The amino acids were measured in an automatic amino acid analyzer Hitachi KLA-3B. Both cosmonauts showed a decrease of most amino acids, particularly essential amino acids. On postflight day 7 the content of most amino acids did not yet return to the preflight level. It can therefore be concluded that the preflight diet should be supplemented with methionine and aspartic acid, and the flight and postflight diets with 7 essential amino acids plus cystine, arginine, proline and aspartic acid.

[Free amino acids in blood plasma during hypokinesia]. / Svobodnye aminokisloty plazmy krovi v usloviiakh gipokinezii.

The study (in a Hitachi KLA-3B analyzer) of 17 free amino acids in plasma of six healthy men under ambulatory and hypokinetic conditions demonstrated the following trend: by day 15 of clinostatic hypokinesia the content of most amino acids increased and by day 30 decreased, reaching the pretest level of falling below it. These variations in the amino acid concentration are viewed as a consequence of the modified relations between anabolic and catabolic processes induced by adaptation to hypokinesia. It is emphasized that the nutrition pattern was different in the hypokinetic study.

[Free amino acid content in the blood plasma of cosmonauts before and after a 175-day flight on Saliut-6]. / Soderzhanie svobodnykh aminokislot v plazme krovi u kosmonavtov do i posle 175-sutochnogo poleta na "Saliute-6".

Measurements of 17 free amino acids were performed before and after the Salyut-6 175-day space flight. At R + 1 both crewmembers showed a reduced concentration of most amino acids as compared to the preflight level. By R + 7 the preflight status was not yet reached. It is recommended to enrich the space diet with the following essential amino acids: preflight--methionine, leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, lysine, threonine, cystine, and tyrosine; postflight--lysine, threonine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, methionine, and cystine.

[Metabolism and nutritional status in plane crash situations without food reserves or with low-calorie rations]. / Obmen veshchestv i pishchevoi status pri nakhozhdenii v avariinykh usloviiakh bez zapasov pishchi ili s malokaloriinym ratsionom.

The comparative study of the metabolism and nutritional status of test subjects who 3-5 days were in a contingency situation with no or low-caloric (300 g chocolate) food available demonstrated the advantage of even this inadequate diet as compared to no food.

[Characteristics of the amino acid content in the blood of cosmonauts completing an 185-day flight]. / Nekotorye osobennosti soderzhaniia aminokislot v krovi u kosmonavtov, sovershivskikh 185-sutochnyi polet.

This paper presents data on the content of 17 free amino acids in plasma of the crewmembers before and after the Salyut-6 185-day flight. Measurements were performed by an automatic amino acid analyzer. Postflight the content of most amino acids was lower than preflight. It is concluded that, in order to increase the amino acid supply, preflight diets should be supplemented with all amino acids, particularly, methionine, threonine, isoleucine, cystine, arginine, alanine, histidine, and postflight diets with all amino acids.

[Effect of a 140-day flight on the amino acid content of the blood of cosmonauts]. / Vliainie 140-sutochnogo poleta na soderzhanie aminokislot v krovi kosmonavtov.

The results of studying 17 free amino acids in the plasma of the 140-day Salyut-6 crewmembers are presented. The measurements were carried out by means of a Hitachi KLA-3B amino acid analyzer. The data obtained give evidence that the dietary uptake of amino acids before and during flight should be better controlled, the dietary content of amino acids should be enriched with certain amino acids (primarily methionine and cystine) and more adequately balanced. It is recommended to select space diets on an individual basis, taking into consideration anthropometric and metabolic characteristics of cosmonauts.

[Free amino acids in the blood of the "Salyut-5" crew members before and after a 21-day space flight (2d expedition)]. / Svobodnye aminokisloty krovi do i posle 21-sutochnogo poleta u ekipazha "Saliut-5" (vtoraia ékspeditsiia).

This paper presents the measurements of free amino acids in the plasma of the Salyut-5 crewmembers (the second expedition) before and after their 21-day space flight. The measurements were performed in a Hitachi KLA-3B automatic amino acid analyzer. The changes in amino acid metabolism were associated with the chemical composition of the space diet, actual food intake and space flight effects. The conclusion is made that the dietary content of cystine and methionine, as well as phenylalanine, tyrosine, glycine, glutamic acid and serine should be increased. No signs of hepatic or renal dysfunction were detected. It is recommended to control strictly food consumption inflight.

[Nutritional status using chocolate as an emergency diet]. / Pishchevoi status pri ispol'zovanii shokolada v kachestve avariinogo ratsiona.

Using the results of studying the body mass, carbohydrate, amino acid, nitrogen and mineral metabolism, as well as the general health status of test subjects who were on a low-caloric diet of 300 g chocolate, it is concluded that, although their condition and nutritional status remained satisfactory, chocolate in the above quantity can hardly be viewed as an ideal emergency food for pilots. The conclusion is based on the metabolic and operational limitations of chocolate. The study was carried out in a temperate climate with water consumption of no more than 11 per day.

[Metabolic characteristics in nutrition with low-calorie "survival" diets containing only readily assimilated carbohydrates]. / Osobennosti obmena veshchestv pri pitanii malokaloriinymi ratsionami "vyzhivaniia", vkliuchaiushchimi v sebia tol'ko legkousoiaemye uglevody.

On the basis of the study of carbohydrate, mineral, amino acid, nitrogen metabolism, nutritional status and general health condition of test subjects, it is concluded that in the case of emergency landing in an area with a temperate climate the contingency diet consisting of 300 g of readily assimilable disaccharides can be consumed for 5 days.

[Effect of a 48-day flight on the blood amino acid content of the Saliut-5 crew]. / Vliianie 48-sutochnogo poleta na soderzhanie aminokislot krovi ekipazha "Saliut-5".

The study of the content of 17 amino acids in plasma of the Salyut-5 crewmembers (the first expedition) pre-and postflight demonstrated their time-course changes. This concerns mostly cystine and methionine. It is therefore recommended to improve the cystine and methionine content of space diets and to modify technological procedure of food preservation.