An rK28-Based Immunoenzymatic Assay for the Diagnosis of Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis in Latin America.

Direct observation of Leishmania parasites in tissue aspirates has shown low sensitivity for the detection of canine visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Therefore in the last quarter century immunoenzymatic tests have been developed to improve diagnosis. The purpose of this study was to develop a fast recombinant K28 antigen, naked-eye qualitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (VL Ql-ELISA) and a quantitative version (VL Qt-ELISA), and to display it in a kit format, whose cutoff value (0.156) was selected as the most adequate one to differentiate reactive from nonreactive samples. Considering 167 cases and 300 controls, sensitivity was 91% for both assays and specificity was 100% and 98.7% in Ql-ELISA and Qt-ELISA, respectively. Positive predictive values were 100% and 97.4% for Ql-ELISA and Qt-ELISA, respectively, and negative predictive values were 95.2% for both ELISAs. Reagent stability, reliability studies, including periodic repetitions and retest of samples, cutoff selection, and comparison of rK28 ELISAs with rK39 immunochromatographic test, were the international criteria that supported the quality in both kits. The performance of both ELISA kits in this work confirmed their validity and emphasized their usefulness for low-to-medium complexity laboratories.

Geographic variation of Trypanosoma cruzi discrete typing units from Triatoma infestans at different spatial scales.

We assessed the diversity and distribution of Trypanosoma cruzi discrete typing units (DTU) in Triatoma infestans populations and its association with local vector-borne transmission levels at various geographic scales. At a local scale, we found high predominance (92.4%) of TcVI over TcV in 68 microscope-positive T. infestans collected in rural communities in Santiago del Estero province in northern Argentina. TcV was more often found in communities with higher house infestation prevalence compatible with active vector-borne transmission. Humans and dogs were the main bloodmeal sources of the TcV- and TcVI-infected bugs. At a broader scale, the greatest variation in DTU diversity was found within the Argentine Chaco (227 microscope-positive bugs), mainly related to differences in equitability between TcVI and TcV among study areas. At a country-wide level, a meta-analysis of published data revealed clear geographic variations in the distribution of DTUs across countries. A correspondence analysis showed that DTU distributions in domestic T. infestans were more similar within Argentina (dominated by TcVI) and within Bolivia (where TcI and TcV had similar relative frequencies), whereas large heterogeneity was found within Chile. DTU diversity was lower in the western Argentine Chaco region and Paraguay (D=0.14-0.22) than in the eastern Argentine Chaco, Bolivia and Chile (D=0.20-0.68). Simultaneous DTU identifications of T. cruzi-infected hosts and triatomines across areas differing in epidemiological status are needed to shed new light on the structure and dynamics of parasite transmission cycles.

Molecular epidemiology of domestic and sylvatic Trypanosoma cruzi infection in rural northwestern Argentina.

Genetic diversity of Trypanosoma cruzi populations and parasite transmission dynamics have been well documented throughout the Americas, but few studies have been conducted in the Gran Chaco ecoregion, one of the most highly endemic areas for Chagas disease, caused by T. cruzi. In this study, we assessed the distribution of T. cruzi lineages (identified by PCR strategies) in Triatoma infestans, domestic dogs, cats, humans and sylvatic mammals from two neighbouring rural areas with different histories of transmission and vector control in northern Argentina. Lineage II predominated amongst the 99 isolates characterised and lineage I amongst the six isolates obtained from sylvatic mammals. T. cruzi lineage IIe predominated in domestic habitats; it was found in 87% of 54 isolates from Tr. infestans, in 82% of 33 isolates from dogs, and in the four cats found infected. Domestic and sylvatic cycles overlapped in the study area in the late 1980s, when intense domestic transmission occurred, and still overlap marginally. The introduction of T. cruzi from sylvatic into domestic habitats is likely to occur very rarely in the current epidemiological context. The household distribution of T. cruzi lineages showed that Tr. infestans, dogs and cats from a given house compound shared the same parasite lineage in most cases. Based on molecular evidence, this result lends further support to the importance of dogs and cats as domestic reservoir hosts of T. cruzi. We believe that in Argentina, this is the first time that lineage IIc has been isolated from naturally infected domestic dogs and Tr. infestans.

Inmovilización química y evaluación de salud de vizcachas salvajes (Lagostomus maximus) en el chaco arido argentino / Chemical restraint and sanitary assessment of wild vizcachas (Lagostomus maximus) in the arid argentin chaco / Contenção farmacologica e avaliação sanitaria de viscachas selvagens (lagostomus maximus) no chaco árido argentino

Con el objetivo de evaluar la salud de vizcachas salvajes (Lagostomus maximus), se capturaron en el Chaco Árido argentino 10 ejemplares y se efectuaron 11 inmovilizaciones con anestesias fijas o inhalatoria. Para las anestesias, se administraron una combinación de tiletamina- zolazepam (n = 7) o una combinación de medetomidina y ketamina (n = 2) o gas isofluorano con un vaporizador portátil creando un circuito semicerrado (n = 2). Los estudios de salud comprendieron hematología, bioquímica sanguínea, análisis parasitológicos y de exposición a agentes infecciosos mediante cultivo y serología. El uso de tiletamina-zolazepam resultó en una pobre calidad anestésica y recuperaciones prolongadas. Por El contrario, el uso de medetomidina-ketamina o de isofluorano, proporcionaron inmovilizaciones más seguras. Se concluye que el protocolo testado de tiletamina-zolazepam no sería recomendable para esta especie, sobre todo en vida libre. La búsqueda de anticuerpos para los agentes infecciosos evaluados resultó negativa, por otra parte, se aisló Listeria innocua serovar 6a em hisopados rectales, se constató infestación con pulgas (Pulex irritans), ooquistes de Eimeria lagostomi, huevos de la Familia Trichostrongylidae y huevos similares a Heteroxynema viscaciae

RESUMO: Com objetivo de avaliar a condição sanitária de viscachas selvagens (Lagostomus maximus), foram capturados, no Chaco Árido argentino, 10 animais e realizadas 11 imobilizações, com anestesia injetável ou inalatória. Empregaram-se três diferentes protocolos: tiletamina-zolazepam (n = 7), metetomidina-cetamina (n = 2) ou isoflurano com vaporizador portátil em sistema semi-fechado (n = 2). A avaliação sanitária consistiu de hematologia, bioquímica sérica, exames parasitológicos e avaliação da exposição a agentes infecciosos por cultura e sorologia. O uso de tiletamina-zolazepam proporcionou má qualidade anestésica e recuperações prolongadas, enquanto a combinação medetomidina-cetamina, possibilitou imobilizações mais seguras. Assim, o protocolo testado de tiletamina-zolazepam não é indicado para esta espécie, especialmente em animais de vida livre. A pesquisa de anticorpos para os agentes infecciosos avaliados foi negativa, mas isolou-se Listeria innocua serovar 6a de suabes retais, e foram encontradas pulgas (Pulex irritans), oocistos de Eimeria lagostomi, ovos de Trichostrongylidae e ovos similares a Heteroxynema viscaciae

ABSTRACT: In order to evaluate the sanitary condition of wild vizcachas (Lagostomus maximus), 10 animals were captured in the Arid Chaco of Argentina and 11 immobilizations were performed through injectable or volatile anesthesia. Three different protocols were used: tiletamine-zolazepam (n = 7), medetomidine-ketamine (n = 2), or isofluorane with a portable vaporizer in a semi-closed circuit (n = 2). The sanitary assessment consisted of hematology, blood chemistry, parasitological analysis, and the assessment of the exposure to infectious agents by culture and serology. The use of tiletamine-zolazepam caused poor anesthetic quality and prolonged recoveries, while the medetomidine-ketamin combination, however, caused safer immobilizations. Thus, the use of the tested protocol of tiletamine-zolazepam is not advisable for this species, mainly for free-ranging animals. The search of antibodies for the evaluated infectious agents was negative, but there was isolated Listeria innocua serovar 6a from rectal swabs , fleas were found (Pulex irritans), oocytes of Eimeria lagostomi, Trichostrongylidae eggs as well as similar Heteroxynema viscaciae eggs.

A prospective study of the effects of sustained vector surveillance following community-wide insecticide application on Trypanosoma cruzi infection of dogs and cats in rural Northwestern Argentina.

Domestic dogs were used as natural sentinels to assess prospectively the long-term impact of selective, community-based spraying with pyrethroid insecticides after community-wide spraying on transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi in rural villages under surveillance between 1992 and 2002. In 2000 and 2002 light infestations by Triatoma infestans were recorded, and 523 dogs and cats were examined serologically or by xenodiagnosis. The prevalence of T. cruzi infection in dogs decreased from 65% at baseline to 8.9% and 4.7% at 7.5 and 10 years after sustained vector surveillance, respectively. The average annual force of infection dropped 260-fold from 72.7 per 100 dog-years at baseline to <0.3% in 2002, as determined prospectively and retrospectively from the age-prevalence curve of native dogs born during surveillance. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that prevalent cases in dogs in 2000 and 2002 were associated positively and significantly with the peak number of T. infestans caught in domestic areas at the dog's compound during its lifetime. The sustained decline in T. cruzi infections in dogs and cats is the result of selective, community-based insecticide spraying that kept the abundance of infected T. infestans at marginal levels, fast host population turnover, and low immigration rates from areas with active transmission.

Incidence of trypanosoma cruzi infection among children following domestic reinfestation after insecticide spraying in rural northwestern Argentina.

Following increasing reinfestation with Triatoma infestans after insecticide spraying, the household incidence of infection with Trypanosoma cruzi in children was positively related to the domestic abundance of infected T. infestans and the presence or proportion of infected dogs or cats in Amamá, a rural village in northwestern Argentina. Seven (12.1%) children seronegative for antibodies to T. cruzi at baseline, with no history of travel or blood transfusion, seroconverted after three years. Six incident cases lived in houses heavily infested with T. infestans, with high proportions of bugs infected with T. cruzi and having fed on humans or dogs. The remaining incident case occurred under a very light domestic infestation detected only at the endpoint, and most bugs had fed on humans. Dogs had a 17 times greater force of infection than children (4.3% per year). Sustained vector surveillance is crucially needed in high-risk areas for Chagas disease such as the Gran Chaco.

Distribution and pathogenicity of Trypanosoma cruzi isolated from peridomestic populations of Triatoma infestans and Triatoma guasayana from rural Western Argentina.

We assessed the distribution of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in peridomestic triatomines collected manually at a district-wide scale in rural villages around Olta, Western Argentina, and typed the isolated strains according to their pathogenicity to laboratory mice. Of 1623 triatomines examined, only 14 (0.9%) were infected with T. cruzi based on microscopical examination of feces. The prevalence of T. cruzi infection was 0.8% in Triatoma infestans, 2.3% in T. guasayana, and nil in T. garciabesi, T. platensis, and T. eratyrusiformis. Local transmission occurred in kitchens, store-rooms and goat corrals or nearby, though at very low levels. T. cruzi was detected by at least one parasitological method in 11 (79%) of 14 microscope-positive bugs. Hemoculture was the most sensitive method (67%) followed by culture of organ homogenates, histopathology or xenodiagnosis of inoculated suckling mice (55-58%), and culture of microscope-positive bug feces (46%). The evidence suggests that most of the isolated T. cruzi strains would be myotropic type III. Our study establishes for the first time that peridomestic, microscope-positive T. guasayana nymphs were actually infected with T. cruzi, and may be implicated as a putative secondary vector of T. cruzi in domestic or peridomestic sites.

Distribution and pathogenicity of Trypanosoma cruzi isolated from peridomestic populations of Triatoma infestans and Triatoma guasayana from rural Western Argentina

We assessed the distribution of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in peridomestic triatomines collected manually at a district-wide scale in rural villages around Olta, Western Argentina, and typed the isolated strains according to their pathogenicity to laboratory mice. Of 1623 triatomines examined, only 14 (0.9 percent) were infected with T. cruzi based on microscopical examination of feces. The prevalence of T. cruzi infection was 0.8 percent in Triatoma infestans, 2.3 percent in T. guasayana, and nil in T. garciabesi, T. platensis, and T. eratyrusiformis. Local transmission occurred in kitchens, store-rooms and goat corrals or nearby, though at very low levels. T. cruzi was detected by at least one parasitological method in 11 (79 percent) of 14 microscope-positive bugs. Hemoculture was the most sensitive method (67 percent) followed by culture of organ homogenates, histopathology or xenodiagnosis of inoculated suckling mice (55-58 percent), and culture of microscope-positive bug feces (46 percent). The evidence suggests that most of the isolated T. cruzi strains would be myotropic type III. Our study establishes for the first time that peridomestic, microscope-positive T. guasayana nymphs were actually infected with T. cruzi, and may be implicated as a putative secondary vector of T. cruzi in domestic or peridomestic sites.

Natural Trypanosoma cruzi infection in dogs of endemic areas of the Argentine Republic

Estudou-se a dinâmica populacional e a prevalência de infecçäo chagásica de 352 cäes vivendo em 108 moradias rurais infectadas por triatomíneos. A área foi dividida em três setores de acordo com suas crescentes distâncias em relaçäo a um povoado urbano. Cada animal foi identificado mediante suas características particulares, e seus donos deram informaçöes a respeito de seus hábitos. As prevalências de infecçäo foram determinadas por sorologia, correlaçäo parasitológica-sorológica, percentual de traçados eletrocardiográficos alterados e o percentual de moradias com cäes parasitados. A área rural mostrou um padräo característico de infecçäo por T. Cruzi e observaram-se diferenças nos parâmetros de populaçäo canina em relaçäo às restantes áreas: maior proporçäo de filhotes, maior populaçäo humana e canina sedentárias, maiores prevalências de infecçäo por xenodiagnóstico em cäes e maior proporçäo de barbeiros ingfectados com T. Cruzi nos cômodos da casa. Supöe-se que as características sedentárias da populaçäo humana desta área rural é fundamental para a oferta de sangue para as populaçöes triatomíneas, e a elevada porcentagem de cäes parasitêmicos dessa área contribui para o aumento de barbeiros infectados com T. Cruzi encontrados nos quartos de dormir

Dinamica de la transmision de Trypanosoma Cruzi en una zona rural de la Argentina: II dos Relacion entre la infeccion domestica en ninos y perros y la densidad de Triatoma infestants infectados / Dynamics of transmission of Trypanosoma Cruzi in a rural área of Argentina: II. Household infection patterns among children and dogs relative to the density of infected Triatoma infestans

cross-sectional survey of 20 households was conducted at Amama (Santiago del Estero Province, Argentina), an área where active Trypanosoma cruzi transmission was occurring and where no official insecticide applications agains Chagas' disease vector had been made. The survey sought to collect data on the numbers of Triatoma infestans vectors present, the intensity of T. cruzi transmission to dogs and children, and relationships between the presence of infected household dogs and T. cruzi infection among children. Bugs were collected with forceps and flashlights by two-man teams and later by spraying the walls and roofs of the study houses with a synthetic pyrethrin solution. Blood samples, obtained from all members of each study household and from household pets, were tested serologically for T. cruzi; in addition, study subjects were tested for T. Cruzi by xenodiagnosis. The bug collection effort found relatively few Tr. infectans (less than 15 per house) in about a quarter of the study households, and relatively high densities (over 50 bugs) in all but one of the rest. Similarly, less than 16 T. cruzi infected vectors were found in six study homes, while most of the rest yielded at least 40. Statistically significant differences were found between the T, cruzi infection rates of both children and dogs in low-risk and high-risk settings. Examination of the collected information also suggests

Ecologia domestica de la Tripanosomiasis americana: perfil alimentario del Triatoma infestans en un area rural de la provincia de Santiago del Estero, Argentina / Domestic ecology of South American trypanosomiasis: feeding profiles of Triatoma infestans in a rural area of Santiago del Estero province Argentina

Se describen los resultados entomológicos de un estudio sobre transmisión del Tripanosoma cruzi realizado en un caserío rural de Argentina. Se determinó la prevalencia de infección y el perfil alimentario de los Triatoma infestans domiciliados, relacionándose su densidad con el tipo de vivienda. Seis de las 18 viviendas estudiadas eran nuevas o mejoradas y en 16 los habitantes aplicaban hexaclorociclohexano. La menor densidad de vinchucas correspondió a las casas higiénicas o mejoradas con tratamiento químico. Los ranchos tratados presentaron un número de insectos 10 veces menor que un rancho no tratado, indicando la efectividad del control autogestado. Se hallaron T. infestans en el 100% de los dormitorios pero en sólo el 53% de los locales peridomiciliarios. Un 39% de las vinchucas intradomiciliarias estaban infectadas. El 96% de los insectos de dormitórios se alimentaron hombre, perro, pollo y gato, siendo elíndice afinidad para el perro 13 veces superior al correspondiente al hombre. Se discute la importancia epidemiológica de la concentración de vectores dentro de los dormitorios y su asociación trófica con los perros convivientes, así como la necesidad de combinar la mejora de vivienda con educación sanitaria

Dynamics of transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi in a rural area of Argentina: III. Persistence of T.cruzi parasitemia among canine reservoirs in a two-year follow-up

Foi realizada em 1984 uma nova pesquisa epidemiológica dos cäes domésticos e seguimento dos indivíduos que apresentaram parasitemia dois anos antes a fim de compreender a relaçäo entre a parasitemia e a idade dos cäes, empregando para isso técnicas sorológicas e xenodiagnóstico. A persistência da parasitemia foi independente ou pouco relacionada à idade, confirmando assim o padräo observado em 1982. Da mesma maneira, nos cäes soropositivos näo se registrou nenhuma diminuiçäo significativa com respeito a idade em: a) a probabilidade de descobrir parasitas por meio de um seguimento durante 2 anos; b) sua capacidade de infecçäo para a ninfas de 3ª e 4ª fase de T. infestans, medido pela porcentagem de barbeiros infectados que se observou em cada um dos xenodiagnósticos dos cäes. A capacidade infectante dos cäes soropositivos foi aproximadamente constante ao longo da vida, e significativamente maior que a registrada para as crianças no presente estudo, e para os agrupamentos humanos pesquisados por outros investigadores. Assim sendo e considerando as altas freqüências de alimentaçäo no cäo que säo observados nas populaçöes pelo T. infestans, espera-se que o cäo contribua para o total de barbeiros infectados existentes nas áreas rurais da Argentina. Esta característica deveria ser suficiente para incriminar definitivamente os reservatórios caninos como um fator de risco para as pessoas residentes na mesma casa. A alta intensidade da parasitemia registrada entre os cäes na presente pesquisa poderia estar relacionada com a acentuada desnutriçäo característica dos cäes nas áreas rurais pobres da Argentina, o que poderia afetar a capacidade do hospedeiro para controlar a infecçäo

Dynamics of transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi in a rural area of Argentina

Levou-se a cabo numa área rural da Argentina uma pesquisa epidemiológica dos cäes associados ao domicílio, com vistas a caracterizar sua dinâmica populacional as infecçöes naturais pelo T. cruzi empregando técnicas sorológicas e xenodiagnóstico. A estruturas de idades da populaçäo mostrou que os indivíduos participam no ciclo doméstico da transmissäo uma média de 4 anos; a proporçäo de sexos por grupos etários sugeriu uma mortalidade diferencial para as fêmeas. especialmente nas cadelas. Achou-se uma prevalência geral de infecçäo de 84%, crescendo desde 69% em cäes 1 ano até 100% nos maiores de 3 anos, indicando alta eficiência de transmissäo do T. cruzi aos cäes na qual a infecçäo congênita ou pelo leite pode estar implicada. A sorologia mostrou concordancia de 98% com os xenodiagnósticos positivos. A parasitemia näo diminuiu com a idade em cäes seropositivos <- 10 anos. Ao menos os 50% dos reservatórios achavam-se estreitamente associados as moradas da gente. A estreita associaçäo trófica entre os cäes e T. infestans; a persistência da parasitemia nos reservatórios; a alta eficiência de transmissäo do parasito a este; padröes de exposiçäo do hospedeiro adequados; e altas taxas de recrutamento de indivíduos suscetíveis qualificam o cäo como hospedeiro amplificador da doença de Chagas nas áreas rurais do centro e norte da Argentina. Os programas rurais de atençäo primária da saúde vieram estimular a introduçäo de medidas dirigidas a diminuir o contacto cäo-barbeiro para ser executadas em concexäo à luta química contra os vetores na Argentina

Enfermedad de Chagas en perros experimentalmente infectados con Trypanosoma cruzi / Chagas' disease in dogs experimentally infected with trypanosoma cruzi

Perros mestizos, adultos jóvenes, fueron inoculados con una cepa no letal de T. cruzi. El control de la infección se efectuó durante 620 días e incluyó la obtención del perfil parasitológico, la búsqueda sistemática de anticuerpos específicos y la realización de trazados electrocardiográficos. Durante toda la evolución de la infección, tres de los cuatro perros infectados mostraron una parasitemia sostenida, mientras que en el cuarto animal fue esporádica. Anticuerpos específicos contra T. cruzi fueron detectados a títulos significativos en todos los animales, durante los 620 días. Alteraciones electrocardiográficas inespecíficas fueron observadas en tres perros. Los estudios anatomopatológicos evidenciaron una miocarditis crónica multifocal con lesiones inflamatorias activas, sin nidos de amastigotes tisulares. Los hallazgos observados sugieren la posibilidad de progresión de las lesiones a una miocarditis crónica análoga a la humana

Enfermedad de Chagas en perros experimentalmente infectados con Trypanosoma cruzi / Chagas disease in dogs experimentally infected with trypanosoma cruzi

Perros mestizos, adultos jóvenes, fueron inoculados con una cepa no letal de T. cruzi. El control de la infección se efectuó durante 620 días e incluyó la obtención del perfil parasitológico, la búsqueda sistemática de anticuerpos específicos y la realización de trazados electrocardiográficos. Durante toda la evolución de la infección, tres de los cuatro perros infectados mostraron una parasitemia sostenida, mientras que en el cuarto animal fue esporádica. Anticuerpos específicos contra T. cruzi fueron detectados a títulos significativos en todos los animales, durante los 620 días. Alteraciones electrocardiográficas inespecíficas fueron observadas en tres perros. Los estudios anatomopatológicos evidenciaron una miocarditis crónica multifocal con lesiones inflamatorias activas, sin nidos de amastigotes tisulares. Los hallazgos observados sugieren la posibilidad de progresión de las lesiones a una miocarditis crónica análoga a la humana (AU)

Epidemiological role of humans, drogs and cats in the transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi in a central area of Argentina

Foi determinada a prevalência da infecçäo por T. cruzi nos humanos, cäes e gatos, pertencentes a 47 rancherías em três povoados rurais; Guanaco Muerto (Córdoba). La Invernada e Amamás (Santiago del Estero), mediante reaçöes serológicas e xenodiagnóstico. Foram examinadas 245 pessoas, 123 cäes e 14 gatos. A taxa de prevalência na populaçäo foi entre 58,7% (GM) e 49,6% (LI). Foram detectados 76% de cäes infectados, o que resultou significativamente superior aos 51% encontrados nos humanos. As porcentagens de cäes (64,2%) e gatos (63,6%) com parasitemia foram significativamente superiores à correspondente aos humanos (12,5%). Se bem que 79% dos gatos estavam infectados, sua pequena quantidade e seus hábitos de perambulaçäo determinam que sua participaçäo na transmissäo doméstica do T. cruzi seja restrita. Näo obstante existir em média um maior número de humanos que de cäes em cada lar, tanto de sujeitos säos como infectados (6,5 vs. 3,3 e 3,4 vs. 2,4, respectivamente), foram detectados - também na média - mais cäes que humanos com parasitemia em cada casa (2,1 vs 1,0). As altas porcentagens de cäes infectados e com parasitemia, além do hábito de repouso intra-domiciliário - o qual ocasiona estreito contacto entre eles e os barbeiros - determinam que os cäes sejam os principais provedores de parasitos à disposiçäo para a transmissäo, e os hospedeiros mais importantes para manutençäo da doença de Chagas na Regiäo do Chago Argentino

Dinámica de la transmisión de Trypanosoma Cruzi en una zona rural de la Argentina: II.=dos Relación entre la infección doméstica en niños y perros y la densidad de Triatoma infestants infectados / Dynamics of transmission of Trypanosoma Cruzi in a rural area of Argentina: II. Household infection patterns among children and dogs relative to the density of infected Triatoma infestans

A cross-sectional survey of 20 households was conducted at Amama (Santiago del Estero Province, Argentina), an area where active Trypanosoma cruzi transmission was occurring and where no official insecticide applications agains Chagas' disease vector had been made. The survey sought to collect data on the numbers of Triatoma infestans vectors present, the intensity of T. cruzi transmission to dogs and children, and relationships between the presence of infected household dogs and T. cruzi infection among children. Bugs were collected with forceps and flashlights by two-man teams and later by spraying the walls and roofs of the study houses with a synthetic pyrethrin solution. Blood samples, obtained from all members of each study household and from household pets, were tested serologically for T. cruzi; in addition, study subjects were tested for T. Cruzi by xenodiagnosis. The bug collection effort found relatively few Tr. infectans (less than 15 per house) in about a quarter of the study households, and relatively high densities (over 50 bugs) in all but one of the rest. Similarly, less than 16 T. cruzi infected vectors were found in six study homes, while most of the rest yielded at least 40. Statistically significant differences were found between the T, cruzi infecction rates of both children and dogs in low-risk and high-risk settings. Examination of the collected information also suggests