An Updated Review of Night Eating Syndrome: An Under-Represented Eating Disorder.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Night eating syndrome (NES) is an eating disorder that has historically been under-studied. The current review aims to summarize the most up-to-date research on NES to support better awareness. RECENT FINDINGS: Since NES was recently included as a formal diagnosis, research on the prevalence of NES is ever evolving. Current studies underscore the high comorbidity between NES and other eating disorders, with additional complexities for patient with comorbid eating disorders. Recent findings also support the association between NES and sleep correlates, a relationship that has remained during the COVID-19 pandemic. Emerging research confirms correlates of distress in NES across cultures. There remain mixed findings between NES and BMI. There is also debate around whether age is a risk factor. Bariatric surgery research has focused on the re-emergence of NES post-operatively. Our understanding of the correlates of NES is increasing. However, research on the treatment for NES remains particularly under-studied and requires further attention.

Graze eating among bariatric surgery candidates: prevalence and psychosocial correlates.

BACKGROUND: Graze eating is defined as repetitive, unplanned eating of small amounts of food throughout the day. Little consensuses exist regarding whether graze eating, like binge eating disorder (BED), is characterized by feelings of loss of control (LOC). Furthermore, little is known about how patients who graze eat with and without LOC differ psychologically. OBJECTIVES: The present study seeks to better characterize graze eating by examining differences between graze eating with LOC (+LOC) and without LOC (-LOC) among presurgical bariatric patients. SETTING: A large, Midwestern academic medical center. METHODS: The sample consisted of 288 adult bariatric surgery candidates (mean age 45.8, standard deviation [SD] 12.57) who underwent a presurgical psychological evaluation. Graze eating, BED, and other mental health diagnoses were evaluated using a semistructured interview. Participants were also administered the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) and binge eating scale (BES). Data were collected using a retrospective chart review. RESULTS: Among the 33% (n = 95) of the sample who reported preoperative graze eating, 32% (n = 30) also endorsed LOC. Graze eating, particularly with LOC, was associated with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) diagnoses of anxiety disorders and BED, and multiple measures of internalizing dysfunction on the MMPI-2-RF. CONCLUSIONS: Bariatric surgery candidates who graze eat experience a greater degree of overall distress and psychopathology including anxiety and depression. The minority who experience grazing+LOC appear to have even greater risk of psychopathology. Moreover, there appears to be significant overlap with BED. Future research should explore whether these 2 maladaptive eating patterns benefit from similar treatment.