Evaluación de la morbilidad por disección del compartimiento central en cáncer papilar de tiroides / Assessment of morbidity of central neck compartment dissection in papillary thyroid cancer

Objetivo: Evaluar la hipocalcemia y lesión del nervio laríngeo recurrente secundaria a tiroidectomía total acompañada de disección del compartimiento central en cáncer papilar de tiroides. Sede: Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, México. Diseño: Estudio clínico descriptivo, observacional, prospectivo, longitudinal. Análisis estadístico: Porcentajes como medida de resumen para variables cualitativas. Pacientes y métodos: Veinte y cuatro pacientes con diagnóstico de cáncer papilar de tiroides (CPT) establecido mediante citología y/o histopatología, que se llevaron a disección central del cuello como parte del tratamiento quirúrgico inicial con seguimiento mínimo de 6 meses. Variables estudiadas: Tiempo quirúrgico, sangrado transoperatorio, movilidad cordal evaluadas por laringoscopia directa pre y postoperatoriamente, hipocalcemia e hipoparatiroidismo, reintervención y número de ganglios resecados. Resultados: De los 24 pacientes, 16 con enfermedad confinada al tiroides y 8 con afección al cuello, el tiempo quirúrgico medio de 2 a 4.30 horas con una media de 2.2, sangrado de 100 a 400 ml con media de 196 ml. Un paciente con hipocalcemia transitoria, cero pacientes con hipocalcemia permanente corroborado con paratohormona, cero lesiones del nervio laríngeo recurrente (NLRL), cero reintervenciones, el número de ganglios resecados fue de 7 a 16. Conclusiones: La morbilidad de la tiroidectomía total más disección del compartimiento central fue de hipocalcemia transitoria de 4.1%. No existió lesión de nervio laríngeo recurrente ni hipoparatiroidismo.

Objective: To assess hypocalcemia and injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve secondary to total thyroidectomy plus central compartment dissection in papillary thyroid cancer. Setting: National Institute of Cancerology, Mexico Design: Descriptive, observational, retrospective, prospective, longitudinal clinical study. Statistical analysis: Percentages as summary measure for qualitative variables. Patients and methods: Twenty-four patients with diagnosis of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), established by cytology and histopathology, subjected to central dissection of the neck as part of the initial surgical treatment with a follow-up of at least 6 months. Assessed variables were: surgical time, trans-operative bleeding, vocal cords mobility, assessed through direct laryngoscopy pre- and postoperatively, hypocalcemia and hypothyroidism, re-intervention, and number of dissected ganglia. Results: Twenty four patients, 16 with thyroid-confined disease, and 8 with neck involvement. Average surgical time of 2 to 4.30 hours, mean of 2.2, bleeding of 100 to 400 ml, mean of 196 ml. One patient with transient hypocalcemia, nill patients with permanent hypocalcemia confirmed with PHT testing, nill Recurrent laryngeal nerve (NLRL) injuries, nill re-interventions; the number of dissected ganglia was 7 to 16. Conclusions: Morbidity of total thyroidectomy plus dissection of the central compartment consisted of transient hypocalcemia (4.1%). Neither recurrent laryngeal nerve injury nor hypoparathyroidism occurred.

Cáncer de laringe en pacientes menores de 40 años comparado con mayores de 40 años: análisis de pares / Laryngeal cancer in patients younger vs older than 40 years old: a matched-paired analysis

Objetivo: Comparación de los datos clínicos y demográficos entre pacientes con cáncer de laringe menores y mayores de 40 años. Métodos: Se trata de un estudio utilizando pares emparejados, realizado desde 1989 a 2002. Seleccionamos 500 pacientes con cáncer de laringe, tratados en el Instituto Nacional del Cáncer de México. Se identificaron 15 casos de pacientes con cáncer de laringe menores de 40 años que cumplían los criterios de inclusión, a los que agrupamos por pares y comparamos, por estadio clínico, con 33 pacientes mayores de 40 años. Analizamos los factores demográficos, así como la supervivencia libre de enfermedad y global, utilizando el método de Kaplan-Meier. Resultados: Incluimos en el grupo comparativo a 9 varones y 6 mujeres con una edad media de 34 años, en contraste con una media de 62 años. En el grupo más joven se incluyeron 6 casos en estadio clínico I, ninguno en estadio clínico II, 6 en estadio III y 5 en estadio IV, comparándolos con 8 pacientes en estadio I, 15 en estadio III y 10 en estadio IV en el grupo de mayor edad. No se hallaron diferencias en las variables demográficas o estilos de vida. Todos los pacientes en estadio I están vivos en ambos grupos. La supervivencia libre de enfermedad no muestra ninguna diferencia al comparar los estadios III y IV (p=NS). La supervivencia media libre de enfermedad fue de 66 meses, y la supervivencia global media de 83 meses en el grupo de menor edad. Conclusión: El carcinoma de laringe es raro en pacientes menores de 40 años. No pudieron identificarse diferencias clínicas, de sexo o de prognosis entre los 2 grupos. El pronóstico de dichos pacientes parece determinarse únicamente mediante el estadio clínico inicial (AU)

Background: To compare clinical and demographic data between laryngeal cancer patients younger and older than 40 years old. Methods: Is a matched-paired study, realized from 1989 to 2002. We selected 500 laryngeal cancer patients treated in the National Cancer Institute of Mexico. Fifteen cases of patients younger than 40 years that accomplished inclusion criteria were identified, pair-matched and compared by clinical stage with 33 patients older than 40 years. We analyzed demographic factors and disease-free and Overall Survival by Kaplan-Meier method. Results: We included 9 male and 6 female patients with a mean age of 34 years in contrast to a mean age of 62 years in the comparison group. Four cases in clinical stage I, none clinical stage II, 6 in stage III and 5 in stage IV were included in the younger group and compared to 8 patients in stage I, 15 in stage III and 10 in stage IV in the older group. No differences in demographic variables or lifestyle habits were found. All patients in stage I, are alive in both groups. Disease-free survival not show any differences when comparing stages III and IV (p=NS). Mean disease-free survival was 66 months and mean overall survival was 83 months in the younger group. Conclusion: Laryngeal carcinoma is rare in patients younger than 40 years. No gender, clinical or prognostic differences could be identified among the two groups. The prognosis of these patients seems to be only determined by the initial clinical stage (AU)

Cetuximab concomitant with gemcitabine and radiotherapy in advanced squamous cell carcinomas of upper aerodigestive tract: a pilot study.

PURPOSE: To explore the response and toxicity of advanced non-metastatic squamous cell carcinomas of upper aerodigestive tract (SCC-UADT) to a combination of cetuximab concomitant with gemcitabine and radiotherapy. METHODS: We managed patients with concomitant treatment of cetuximab (400 mg/m(2) as uploading dose, then 250 mg/m(2), IV) concomitant with gemcitabine (50 mg/m(2)) weekly for seven courses, and radiotherapy in classical fractionation until completion of 70 Gy. Primary endpoints were complete response (CR) to treatment and toxicity. We evaluated patients for toxicity on a weekly basis; evaluation of response included physical examination, endoscopy, computed tomography (CT) scan and biopsy when indicated, and was performed 6 weeks after completion of radiotherapy. Additional evaluations were done every 3 months to document disease status. Between November 2004 and November 2005, 20 patients were included. RESULTS: CR was 82.4%, overall response was 100%. Neck disease reached CR in 61.5% and partial in 38.5% of patients. The main toxicities were nausea, lymphopenia, neutropenia and mucositis. Grade 3 and 4 side effects were presented in 70.6% of patients, but mucositis, and lymphopenia without clinical repercussions, occurred in 88.2% of patients. Gastrostomy was required in 11.8% of patients to maintain nutrition. Radioepithelitis developed in 76.5%, but only three of these (23.1%) were grade III. Median overall survival was 53 months (range 6-55 months) and median progression-free survival has not yet been reached at the time of evaluation. CONCLUSIONS: Although toxicity is important, this approach has interesting activity and deserves further investigation.

[Laryngeal cancer in patients younger vs older than 40 years old: a matched-paired analysis]. / Cáncer de laringe en pacientes menores de 40 años comparado con mayores de 40 años: análisis de pares.

BACKGROUND: To compare clinical and demographic data between laryngeal cancer patients younger and older than 40 years old. METHODS: Is a matched-paired study, realized from 1989 to 2002. We selected 500 laryngeal cancer patients treated in the National Cancer Institute of Mexico. Fifteen cases of patients younger than 40 years that accomplished inclusion criteria were identified, pair-matched and compared by clinical stage with 33 patients older than 40 years. We analyzed demographic factors and disease-free and Overall Survival by Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: We included 9 male and 6 female patients with a mean age of 34 years in contrast to a mean age of 62 years in the comparison group. Four cases in clinical stage I, none clinical stage II, 6 in stage III and 5 in stage IV were included in the younger group and compared to 8 patients in stage I, 15 in stage III and 10 in stage IV in the older group. No differences in demographic variables or lifestyle habits were found. All patients in stage I, are alive in both groups. Disease-free survival not show any differences when comparing stages III and IV (p=NS). Mean disease-free survival was 66 months and mean overall survival was 83 months in the younger group. CONCLUSION: Laryngeal carcinoma is rare in patients younger than 40 years. No gender, clinical or prognostic differences could be identified among the two groups. The prognosis of these patients seems to be only determined by the initial clinical stage.

[Third National Ovarian Consensus. 2011. Grupo de Investigación en Cáncer de Ovario y Tumores Ginecológicos de México "GICOM"]. / Tercer Consenso Nacional de Cáncer de Ovario 2011. Grupo de Investigación en Cáncer de Ovario y Tumores Ginecológicos de México "GICOM".

INTRODUCTION: Ovarian cancer (OC) is the third most common gynecologic malignancy worldwide. Most of cases it is of epithelial origin. At the present time there is not a standardized screening method, which makes difficult the early diagnosis. The 5-year survival is 90% for early stages, however most cases present at advanced stages, which have a 5-year survival of only 5-20%. GICOM collaborative group, under the auspice of different institutions, have made the following consensus in order to make recommendations for the diagnosis and management regarding to this neoplasia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The following recommendations were made by independent professionals in the field of Gynecologic Oncology, questions and statements were based on a comprehensive and systematic review of literature. It took place in the context of a meeting of two days in which a debate was held. These statements are the conclusions reached by agreement of the participant members. RESULTS: No screening method is recommended at the time for the detection of early lesions of ovarian cancer in general population. Staging is surgical, according to FIGO. In regards to the pre-surgery evaluation of the patient, it is recommended to perform chest radiography and CT scan of abdomen and pelvis with IV contrast. According to the histopathology of the tumor, in order to consider it as borderline, the minimum percentage of proliferative component must be 10% of tumor's surface. The recommended standardized treatment includes primary surgery for diagnosis, staging and cytoreduction, followed by adjuvant chemotherapy Surgery must be performed by an Oncologist Gynecologist or an Oncologist Surgeon because inadequate surgery performed by another specialist has been reported in 75% of cases. In regards to surgery it is recommended to perform total omentectomy since subclinic metastasis have been documented in 10-30% of all cases, and systematic limphadenectomy, necessary to be able to obtain an adequate surgical staging. Fertility-sparing surgery will be performed in certain cases, the procedure should include a detailed inspection of the contralateral ovary and also negative for malignancy omentum and ovary biopsy. Until now, laparoscopy for diagnostic-staging surgery is not well known as a recommended method. The recommended chemotherapy is based on platin and taxanes for 6 cycles, except in Stage IA, IB and grade 1, which have a good prognosis. In advanced stages, primary cytoreduction is recommended as initial treatment. Minimal invasion surgery is not a recommended procedure for the treatment of advanced ovarian cancer. Radiotherapy can be used to palliate symptoms. Follow up of the patients every 2-4 months for 2 years, every 3-6 months for 3 years and anually after the 5th year is recommended. Evaluation of quality of life of the patient must be done periodically. CONCLUSIONS: In the present, there is not a standardized screening method. Diagnosis in early stages means a better survival. Standardized treatment includes primary surgery with the objective to perform an optimal cytoreduction followed by chemotherapy Treatment must be individualized according to each patient. Radiotherapy can be indicated to palliate symptoms.

[Surgical practice in the Mexican Empire]. / El ejercicio de la cirugía en el imperio mexica.

The prehispanic medicines of Mexico are considered as testimony of the splendor of the Meso-American cultures; their great scientific advance and technical allowed them to accumulate a vast collection of clinical and pathological data based on the observation and experimentation. They integrated a nomenclature medical surgical that reflected their advance in those fields of the knowledge, where the anatomy and surgery occupied a preponderant paper. The medicine was known generically as ticiotl, of where it derives the term tícitl for the doctor. In their concept health-illness the limits among the magic, religion and the empiricism for natural causes were not clear, therefore they considered that the divine, human or natural origin of the illnesses influenced in an important way in its nature. Inside this complex causal system, the illnesses caused by the gods, spirits and celestial beings were considered as hot, while those caused by beings of the other realm were cold. The practice of the medicine had a very established organization designing a very advanced system of specialties that allowed them to accumulate a vast experience for the handling of chronic and acute illnesses in different progression phases, which managed with an integral therapy that had a plurality of resources of vegetable origin, animal, and mineral. The surgery was designated as texoxotlaliztli and its cures tepatiliztli. The surgeon was designated as texoxotlaticitl and it developed advanced techniques in the handling of sutures, wounded, drainage of abscesses, fractures and joint dislocations, pterygium, tonsillitis, circumcision, and amputations.

[Maffucci's syndrome. Case reports and literature review]. / Síndrome de Maffucci. Informe de dos pacientes y revisión de la literatura.

Maffucci syndrome is a rare, congenital disease, which is associated with the appearance of multiple enchondromas (possibility of malignant transformation in 20 to 100%), soft tissue hemangiomas and other mesenchymatous injuries. Case 1 is a 33-year-old female who presented with multiple nodules predominantly in upper extremities. Upon examination, there was deformity in articulation and nodules on the hands, which were soft and moveable. There were bony shavings in the second and fourth fingers of the left hand (enchondromas and atypical cells associated with hemangioma esclerosante). Maffucci syndrome was diagnosed. Later, excision of subcutaneous nodules in superior extremities was performed along with excision of nodules in both hands and hypochondrium (enchondroma injuries of left hand and hypochondrium, hemangioma in right hand). There was dysarticulation of the second finger at the metacarpal level of the phalanges of the left hand (chondrosarcoma). The patient is being followed up currently. Case 2 is a 26-year-old female. The patient had a history of subcutaneous abdominal tumor, exostosis, nodules and nodule in right breast. Upon examination, a tumor was found in the right breast, exostosis of right tibia, injury to the right wrist and left thyroid nodule. A simple mastectomy and axillary dissection was performed (fibroadenoma to intracanalicular and 14 negative lymph nodes). Later, left thyroidectomy and lumpectomy in right wrist were performed (hyperplasia to nodular thyroid and hemangioma cavernous). There was injury in the carpus of the right hand and elbow (hemangioma cavernous and synovial tissue with fibrosis and enchondroma). A diagnosis was made of Marffucci syndrome associated with mesenchymatous tumors. The patient was in poor general health and did not survive this hospitalization.