Focal atrial tachycardia ablation: Highly successful with conventional mapping.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) of focal atrial tachycardia (FAT) traditionally is guided by conventional endocardial mapping of earliest atrial activation; however, more recently electro-anatomical mapping is heralded as a more effective, albeit more expensive, tool to guide ablation. Herein we present the results of conventional mapping-guided RFCA. Apropos, we conducted a literature search of studies reporting > 10 FAT patients submitted to RFCA. METHODS AND RESULTS: Conventional mapping-guided RFCA, performed in 63 FAT patients (aged 42.4 + 17.3 years; 14 with incessant tachycardia and 12 with tachycardiomyopathy (TCM)), was successful in 61 (96.8%) patients, applied for single foci in 59 (93.7%) and two foci in 4 patients, right (n = 46) or left sided (n = 17). The earliest atrial activation time at the ablation site was 41.3 ± 16.2 ms. Fluoroscopy time averaged 27.3 + 18.7 min, and procedure lasted 2.6 + 1.7 h. Complications occurred in two patients (sinus pauses in one needing a pacemaker and a large inguinal hematoma in one). Over 29.0 + 22.9 months, four patients (6.5%) had recurrences, of whom three were successfully re-ablated. All patients with TCM showed gradual improvement to normalization over 4-6 months. Literature search showed that RFCA success is equally high when guided with either conventional (88.5%) or electro-anatomical mapping (90%) with similar recurrences (9.6% vs. 9.5%). CONCLUSION: Conventional mapping-guided RFCA of FAT had high success (96.8%) with low complication (3.2%) and recurrence rates (6.5%). TCM was fully reversible. These results are comparable to those achieved with the more expensive electro-anatomical mapping, which may be reserved for more complex cases or for those failing the conventional approach.

Atrial Fibrillation and Shock: Unmasking Theophylline Toxicity.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this report is to describe a case of atrial fibrillation and shock precipitated by deliberate self-poisoning with theophylline. CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND INTERVENTION: An 85-year-old male with severe theophylline intoxication in a suicide attempt was admitted with severe cardiac arrhythmia and shock; despite poor prognosis, he fully recovered gradually after proper diagnosis and treatment. Theophylline is a rather forgotten medication; thus, intoxication is not usually considered among the etiologies of potentially treatable cardiologic emergencies, especially when its use is intentionally concealed. CONCLUSION: This case highlights the importance of identifying a comprehensive medication history using all available sources of information as early as possible in an emergency department presentation.

Performance and safety profile of regadenoson myocardial perfusion imaging: first experience in Greece.

OBJECTIVE: MPI can provide valuable information in the investigation of patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease. The stress component of the studies can be conducted with regadenoson, which was approved for clinical use in Greece in 2016. We investigated the performance and safety profile of regadenoson MPI based on our 7 months institutional experience. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We studied 96 consecutive patients (59 males, 37 females, mean age 70.35y.o, range: 46-87y.o.) referred to our department for a clinically indicated MPI study with pharmacological stress. Eleven patients suffered from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Patients underwent regadenoson stress test, combined with both stress and rest imaging. Data on the symptoms and electrocardiographic changes due to regadenoson administration were recorded. Symptoms were graded as 1-mild: a symptom that did not distress the patient, 2-moderate: a symptom that distressed the patient but it was self-limiting, or 3-severe: a symptom that distressed the patient requiring medical intervention. RESULTS: Regadenoson-related symptoms were reported in 56 patients and were: dyspnea, discomfort, dizziness, chest pain, epigastric pain, neck pain, headache, flushing, nausea, heartburn, weakness, and upper limbs numbness. The severity of symptoms was recorded as grade 1 in 30 patients, grade 2 in 25 patients, and grade 3 in 1 patient. Two or more different symptoms were reported in 28 patients. Ischemic electrocardiographic changes and arrhythmias were observed in 8 patients. CONCLUSION: Our findings support previously published data indicating the optimal safety profile of regadenoson MPI, even in the group of patients suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

An unusual pattern of three major components of the cardiovascular system: multimodality imaging and review of the literature.

INTRODUCTION: Coronary artery anomalies are found in 0.4% to 1.4% of patients who undergo coronary angiography. Anomalous origin of left coronary artery from the right sinus of Valsava is the rarest, with a reported prevalence of 0.02 -0.03% according to angiographic studies. CASE PRESENTATION: We present the rare case of a 42-year-old-man suffering from stable angina with unusual development of 3 major components of the cardiovascular system Coronary angiography revealed an anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the ostium of the right coronary artery. Magnetic resonance angiography depicted an anomalous origin of the left common carotid artery from the innominate artery and an aneurysm of descending thoracic aorta. Coronary computed tomography angiography revealed the course of left coronary artery between aortic root and conus arteriosus at the level of the right ventricular outflow tract. In this report we attempt to highlight the rarity of this vascular anatomy. CONCLUSION: Anomalous origins of the coronary arteries are rare, but may cause myocardial ischemia and sudden death. Thus, their reliable identification is a matter of paramount importance possibly evaluating the effects of therapeutic intervention. Newer imaging modalities improve the illumination of vascular system anatomy, shedding light to diagnostic dilemmas that come up in daily medical practice.

Levosimendan reduces plasma cell-free DNA levels in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy.

Heart failure (HF) is a condition associated with the apoptosis and cell death of both cardiac myocytes and cardiac non-myocytes. DNA fragments released from programmed cell death or acute cellular injury are the main sources of disease-associated elevation of cell-free (cf) DNA. We hypothesized that cfDNA could be a relevant marker of cardiac apoptosis in HF patients that could be affected by the improvement of myocardial performance. To test our hypothesis, we measured plasma cfDNA in 19 patients with ischemic HF and severe left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction before and 12 h after completion of levosimendan infusion. Echocardiographic and biochemical markers of LV diastolic pressure and LV systolic function were also assessed. In accordance with previous observations levosimendan improved echocardiographic and biochemical indices of LV function. Plasma cfDNA was significantly reduced in HF patients post-levosimendan treatment (median: 89.4, interquartile range: 87.1 to median: 25.9, interquartile range: 12.3, P = 0.028). Notably, in 15/19 patients there was a reduction in cfDNA levels post-levosimendan infusion; while in 12/19 patients, a more than 50% reduction in plasma cfDNA was observed. Since cfDNA is a marker of tissue injury and apoptosis these results indicate that improvement of LV function has a potential impact on cell preservation and survival. Further studies are needed to substantiate our promising results regarding the role of plasma cfDNA as a marker of HF.

Apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy associated with multiple coronary artery-left ventricular fistulae: a report of a case and review of the literature.

We present a rare case of multiple coronary artery-left ventricular (LV) fistulae, associated with apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in an 83-year-old woman with electrocardiographic abnormalities and a history of arterial hypertension and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. In order to evaluate the clinical significance and obtain further insights into this unusual disease, the patient has undergone coronary angiography, left ventriculography, and magnetic resonance imaging which better substantiated the structural abnormalities of the LV and the coronary network.

Iatrogenic right coronary artery dissection distal to a total occlusion: a case report.

INTRODUCTION: Coronary artery dissections with or without rupture is a rare but well-recognized complication of coronary angiography with a high morbidity and mortality rate. CASE PRESENTATION: We present a rare case of right coronary artery dissection distal to a totally occluded vessel. The vessel dissected during the second injection of contrast agent without any direct mechanical manipulation (catheter or guide-wire induced). Hopefully the dissection had no clinical consequences and the patient was discharged after 48 hour intensive monitoring. CONCLUSIONS: We believe that the contrast agent that was forced in the proximal part of the RCA increased through the anastomotic branches the sheer stress on the diseased endothelium of the distal artery causing it to dissect. It is an instructive -not previously described- phenomenon that underscores that atherosclerotic tissue is unpredictable and should be treated with extreme caution.

Catheter-related septic thrombophlebitis of the superior vena cava involving the atrial septum: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Intravascular catheters provide necessary vascular access, for intravenous therapy, blood sampling and pressure monitoring. However, their use is often associated with serious local and systemic complications including local site infection, intravascular catheter-related bloodstream infections, septic thrombophlebitis, and endocarditis. CASE PRESENTATION: We present a case of a 72 year old postoperative patient presented with persistent fever. Transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiograms demonstrated a lesion in the superior vena cava, protruding into the right atrium and infiltrating the atrial septum. Candida albicans grew in blood cultures as well as in the subclavian catheter tip culture. Anti-fungal and antithrombotic therapy was initiated. After 2 weeks treatment the lesion was diminished. CONCLUSION: Transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography has been proved efficient and cost-effective in guiding therapy in cases of catheter related infections. In the presented case the lesions in vena cava and the involvement of the endocardium were early identified by echocardiography. Moreover, a follow-up echocardiogram confirmed the efficiency of the therapeutic approach.