Development and validation of an infrared-artificial intelligence software for breast cancer detection.

Aim: In countries where access to mammography equipment and skilled personnel is limited, most breast cancer (BC) cases are detected in locally advanced stages. Infrared breast thermography is recognized as an adjunctive technique for the detection of BC due to its advantages such as safety (by not emitting ionizing radiation nor applying any stress to the breast), portability, and low cost. Improved by advanced computational analytics techniques, infrared thermography could be a valuable complementary screening technique to detect BC at early stages. In this work, an infrared-artificial intelligence (AI) software was developed and evaluated to help physicians to identify potential BC cases. Methods: Several AI algorithms were developed and evaluated, which were learned from a proprietary database of 2,700 patients, with BC cases that were confirmed through mammography, ultrasound, and biopsy. Following by evaluation of the algorithms, the best AI algorithm (infrared-AI software) was submitted to a clinic validation process in which its ability to detect BC was compared to mammography evaluations in a double-blind test. Results: The infrared-AI software demonstrated efficiency values of 94.87% sensitivity, 72.26% specificity, 30.08% positive predictive value (PPV), and 99.12% negative predictive value (NPV), whereas the reference mammography evaluation reached 100% sensitivity, 97.10% specificity, 81.25% PPV, and 100% NPV. Conclusions: The infrared-AI software here developed shows high BC sensitivity (94.87%) and high NPV (99.12%). Therefore, it is proposed as a complementary screening tool for BC.

Las condiciones de salud de los conductores de autotransportes urbanos de pasajeros de la ciudad de México / Health conditions among drivers of urban passenger transport vehicles in México City

Con el objeto de conocer los efectos nocivos de las condiciones de trabajo de los conductores de autotransportes urbanos de pasajeros, entre 1985 y 1988 se realizó en la empresa Ruta 100 de la ciudad de México una investigación epidemiológica en dos fases. En la primera fueron entrevistados nueve de cinco conductores cada uno que dieron sus opiniones sobre sus condiciones laborales y los posibles trastornos relacionados con ellas. A partir de esta información se diseño una encuesta epidemiológica que se aplicó mediante un diseño muestral polietápico a 170 conductores y a otros dos grupos de otros tantos trabajadores de mantenimiento y administrativos que sirvieron como grupos de control. En el grupo de conductores se halló una prevalencia elevada de trastornos respiratorios y neuropsiquiátricos, diarrea, miopía, hipertensión arterial, molestias urinarias, hemorroides, sordera, dolor de espalda, varices, úlcera péptica, diabetes, cardiopatías, hernias abdominales y apendicitis. La razón de prevalencias conductores/personal de mantenimiento y conductores/administrativos fue estadísticamente significativa en lo referente a hipertensión arterial, hemorroides, "padecimiento de nervios" y trastornos psiquiátricos

Las condiciones de salud de los conductores de autotransportes urbanos de pasajeros de la ciudad de México / Health conditions among drivers of urban passenger transport vehicles in México City

Con el objeto de conocer los efectos nocivos de las condiciones de trabajo de los conductores de autotransportes urbanos de pasajeros, entre 1985 y 1988 se realizó en la empresa Ruta 100 de la ciudad de México una investigación epidemiológica en dos fases. En la primera fueron entrevistados nueve de cinco conductores cada uno que dieron sus opiniones sobre sus condiciones laborales y los posibles trastornos relacionados con ellas. A partir de esta información se diseño una encuesta epidemiológica que se aplicó mediante un diseño muestral polietápico a 170 conductores y a otros dos grupos de otros tantos trabajadores de mantenimiento y administrativos que sirvieron como grupos de control. En el grupo de conductores se halló una prevalencia elevada de trastornos respiratorios y neuropsiquiátricos, diarrea, miopía, hipertensión arterial, molestias urinarias, hemorroides, sordera, dolor de espalda, varices, úlcera péptica, diabetes, cardiopatías, hernias abdominales y apendicitis. La razón de prevalencias conductores/personal de mantenimiento y conductores/administrativos fue estadísticamente significativa en lo referente a hipertensión arterial, hemorroides, "padecimiento de nervios" y trastornos psiquiátricos

Situación epidemiologica del abuso de drogas en México / Epidemiological status of drugs abuse in México

As a country that produces marijuana and opium, and as a route for cocaine traffic to te United States of América, México is experiencing serious social and health problems related to the trafficking, use and abuse of these drugs, and other dependency-producing substances. In 1988 a national survey of addiction was undertaken in which information was collected on the prevalence of the use of alcohol, tobacco, inhalants, marijuana, cocaine, hallucinogens, opium, heroin, narcotic analgesics, sedatives and traquilizers. A sample was identified in the population between the ages of 12 and 65 living in urban áreas of more than 2,500 inhabitants, which account for approximately 65 percent of the country's total population. This sample consisted of 12,557 persons, according to the results of the survey, 51 percent of the population between 18 and 65 years of age use alcoholic beverage and 24.7 percent of the entire study population are active smokers. In addition, 43 percent had use one or more drugs other than tobacco or alcohol at some time. Prevelence of marijuana use was 2.6 percent, while the rates for tranquilizers, inhalants, and amphetamines were identical (0.7 percent). For cocaine the rate was 0.3 percent, and for heroin 0.1 percent

Epidemiologic status of drug abuse in Mexico

The contents of this special issue were also published in Spanish in the Boletín de la Oficina Sanitaria Panamericana Vol. 107, N0. 6, 1989

Situación epidemiológica del abuso de drogas en México / Epidemiological status of drugs abuse in Mexico

As a country that produces marijuana and opium, and as a route for cocaine traffic to te United States of America, Mexico is experiencing serious social and health problems related to the trafficking, use and abuse of these drugs, and other dependency-producing substances. In 1988 a national survey of addiction was undertaken in which information was collected on the prevalence of the use of alcohol, tobacco, inhalants, marijuana, cocaine, hallucinogens, opium, heroin, narcotic analgesics, sedatives and traquilizers. A sample was identified in the population between the ages of 12 and 65 living in urban areas of more than 2,500 inhabitants, which account for approximately 65 percent of the country's total population. This sample consisted of 12,557 persons, according to the results of the survey, 51 percent of the population between 18 and 65 years of age use alcoholic beverage and 24.7 percent of the entire study population are active smokers. In addition, 43 percent had use one or more drugs other than tobacco or alcohol at some time. Prevelence of marijuana use was 2.6 percent, while the rates for tranquilizers, inhalants, and amphetamines were identical (0.7 percent). For cocaine the rate was 0.3 percent, and for heroin 0.1 percent