A case-control study of infections caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae producing New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase-1: Predictors and outcomes.

Introduction: Infections caused by antimicrobial-resistant bacteria are a significant cause of death worldwide, and carbapenemase-producing bacteria are the principal agents. New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase-1 producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP-NDM-1) is an extensively drug-resistant bacterium that has been previously reported in Mexico. Our aim was to conduct a case-control study to describe the risk factors associated with nosocomial infections caused by K. pneumoniae producing NDM-1 in a tertiary-care hospital in Mexico. Methods: A retrospective case-control study with patients hospitalized from January 2012 to February 2018 at the Hospital Civil de Guadalajara "Fray Antonio Alcalde" was designed. During this period, 139 patients with a culture that was positive for K. pneumoniae NDM-1 (cases) and 486 patients hospitalized in the same department and on the same date as the cases (controls) were included. Data were analyzed using SPSS v. 24, and logistic regression analysis was conducted to calculate the risk factors for KP-NDM-1 infection. Results: One hundred and thirty-nine case patients with a KP-NDM-1 isolate and 486 control patients were analyzed. In the case group, acute renal failure was a significant comorbidity, hospitalization days were extended, and significantly more deaths occurred. In a multivariate analysis of risk factors, the independent variables included the previous use of antibiotics (odds ratio, OR = 12.252), the use of a urinary catheter (OR = 5.985), the use of a central venous catheter (OR = 5.518), the use of mechanical ventilation (OR = 3.459), and the length of intensive care unit (ICU) stay (OR = 2.334) as predictors of infection with NDM-1 K. pneumoniae. Conclusion: In this study, the previous use of antibiotics, the use of a urinary catheter, the use of a central venous catheter, the use of mechanical ventilation, and ICU stay were shown to be predictors of infection with NDM-1 K. pneumoniae and were independent risk factors for infection with NDM-1 K. pneumoniae.

The Multifaceted Manifestations of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome during the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic.

The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, which has similarities to the 2002-2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus known as SARS-CoV-1, causes the infectious disease designated COVID-19 by the World Health Organization (Coronavirus Disease 2019). Although the first reports indicated that activity of the virus is centered in the lungs, it was soon acknowledged that SARS-CoV-2 causes a multisystem disease. Indeed, this new pathogen causes a variety of syndromes, including asymptomatic disease; mild disease; moderate disease; a severe form that requires hospitalization, intensive care, and mechanical ventilation; multisystem inflammatory disease; and a condition called long COVID or postacute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Some of these syndromes resemble previously described disorders, including those with no confirmed etiology, such as Kawasaki disease. After recognition of a distinct multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children, followed by a similar syndrome in adults, various multisystem syndromes occurring during the pandemic associated or related to SARS-CoV-2 began to be identified. A typical pattern of cytokine and chemokine dysregulation occurs in these complex syndromes; however, the disorders have distinct immunological determinants that may help to differentiate them. This review discusses the origins of the different trajectories of the inflammatory syndromes related to SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Risk factors and outcome associated with the acquisition of linezolid-resistant Enterococcus faecalis.

OBJECTIVES: Linezolid is a synthetic oxazolidinone antibiotic frequently used to treat vancomycin-resistant enterococcal infections. Vancomycin-susceptible Enterococcus faecalis can develop resistance to linezolid in environments with excessive linezolid use. The aim of this study was to define risk factors and outcome associated with the acquisition of linezolid-resistant E. faecalis (LREfs). METHODS: A retrospective case-control study was designed including patients hospitalised from January 2014 to October 2017 at Hospital Civil de Guadalajara 'Fray Antonio Alcalde' in Guadalajara, Mexico. A total of 50 patients culture-positive for LREfs and 100 control patients hospitalised in the same room and time as the cases were included. Clinical and demographic data were collected and analysed. RESULTS: Risk factors for the presence of LREfs included prior linezolid use [odds ratio (OR) = 6.74], prior clindamycin use (OR = 6.72) and previous surgery (OR = 5.79). The mortality rate was 18% for LREfs cases versus 9% for controls. CONCLUSION: LREfs has emerged and spread in our hospital, an environment in which linezolid use is considerable. Risk factors for LREfs are prior antibiotic use, including linezolid, and previous surgery.

Clinical predictors of drug-resistant tuberculosis in Mexico.

Drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) remains a major global health problem. Early treatment of TB is critical; in the absence of rapid- susceptibility testing, the empiric selection of drugs should be guided by clinical data. This study aimed to determine the clinical predictors of DR-TB. From September 2010 to August 2017, sociodemographic and clinical characteristics were collected from 144 patients with tuberculosis at the Hospital Civil de Guadalajara, Mexico. Isolates were subjected to drug-susceptibility testing. Clinical predictors of DR-TB were determined using univariate and multivariate analysis. Any drug, isoniazid, and rifampin resistance rates were 47.7, 23.0, and 11.6%, respectively. The visualization of cavities and nodules through either chest radiography or computed tomography were independent predictors of DR-TB. In conclusion, early detection of DR-TB in this population could be based on multiple cavities being observed using chest imaging. This study's results can be applied to future patients with TB in our community to optimize the DR-TB diagnostic process.

New Delhi Metallo-Beta-Lactamase (NDM-1)-Producing Klebsiella Pneumoniae Isolated from a Burned Patient.

BACKGROUND Infections affecting burn patients are frequently caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacteriaceae species. Infections with these pathogens have become increasingly difficult to treat due to evolving antibiotic resistance mechanisms, including the production of carbapenemases. CASE REPORT The present case report describes the evolution of a burn patient with polymicrobial healthcare-associated burn infections, including a bloodstream infection due to an emergent multidrug-resistant New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase (NDM-1)-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae. During hospitalization, initial antibiotic treatment eradicated some of the infecting species. Newer isolates were found to be multidrug-resistant and required unique antibiotic combinations. The patient's condition continued to deteriorate after the isolation of multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa and NDM-1-positive K. pneumoniae from the blood. CONCLUSIONS This case report illustrates the need for adequate antibiotic therapies in burn patients with subsequent infections due to a carbapenemase-producing multidrug-resistant bacteria. The potential danger of new bacterial pathogens should be considered in this group of susceptible patients.

[Evolution of bacterial resistance to antibiotics in México, 1973-2013]. / La evolución de la resistencia bacteriana en México, 1973-2013.

INTRODUCTION: Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is a worldwide public health concern. Research priorities for the study and control of this emerging problem include country-wide surveillance. OBJECTIVE: To review and comment on the contributions by Mexican investigators towards a greater understanding of the mechanisms of bacterial antibiotic resistance. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A comprehensive search of the medical literature on Medline/PubMed between 1973 and July 2013 was performed. RESULTS: The contributions of Mexican investigators have included descriptions of resistance in enteric pathogens, such as Salmonella Typhi, publications on the production of extended spectrum beta-lactamases, metallo-beta-lactamases, and carbapenemases, resistance mechanisms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa , and the evolution of resistance in Gram-positive pathogens, including Streptococcus pneumoniae , Staphylococcus aureus , and Enterococcus spp. CONCLUSION: The Mexican literature on mechanisms of bacterial resistance is relevant for the development of plans to control the antibiotic resistance crisis.

La evolución de la resistencia bacteriana en México, 1973-2013 / Evolution of bacterial resistance to antibiotics in México, 1973-2013

Introducción. La resistencia bacteriana a los antibióticos es un problema de salud mundial. Las investigaciones relacionadas con este problema emergente son indispensables para reconocer y desarrollar programas para su vigilancia y control. Objetivo. Revisar y comentar las contribuciones de los investigadores mexicanos en el área de la resistencia bacteriana a los antibióticos. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó una búsqueda de la literatura científica relacionada con la resistencia bacteriana a los antibióticos producida por investigadores mexicanos y registrada en Medline-PubMed entre 1973 y julio de 2013. Resultados. En 66 publicaciones, las contribuciones de investigadores mexicanos incluyeron datos sobre la resistencia de agentes patógenos entéricos como Salmonella Typhi, múltiples contribuciones sobre la producción de betalactamasas de espectro extendido, de metalobetalactamasas y de carbapenemasas, los mecanismos de resistencia en Pseudomonas aeruginosa y la evolución de la resistencia en cocos Gram positivos como Streptococcus pneumoniae , Staphylococcus aureus y Enterococcus spp., entre otros. Conclusiones. Los datos publicados en los últimos 40 años son fuente adecuada para entender la evolución de la resistencia bacteriana a los antibióticos y desarrollar programas para su control.

Introduction: Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is a worldwide public health concern. Research priorities for the study and control of this emerging problem include country-wide surveillance. Objective: To review and comment on the contributions by Mexican investigators towards a greater understanding of the mechanisms of bacterial antibiotic resistance. Materials and methods: A comprehensive search of the medical literature on Medline/PubMed between 1973 and July 2013 was performed. Results: The contributions of Mexican investigators have included descriptions of resistance in enteric pathogens, such as Salmonella Typhi, publications on the production of extended spectrum beta-lactamases, metallo-beta-lactamases, and carbapenemases, resistance mechanisms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa , and the evolution of resistance in Gram-positive pathogens, including Streptococcus pneumoniae , Staphylococcus aureus , and Enterococcus spp. Conclusion: The Mexican literature on mechanisms of bacterial resistance is relevant for the development of plans to control the antibiotic resistance crisis.

Avances en el manejo de infecciones de piel y sus estructuras / Advances in the management of infections of the skin and theirs structures

De julio 1984 a junio de 1986, se trataron 299 infecciones de la piel y sus estructuras con diferentes esquemas de antibióticos en combinación o como monoterapia. Algunos nuevos fármacos como las quinolonas y cefalosporinas de tercera generación ofrecen algunas ventajas sobre sistemas ya establecidos. La enfermedad concomitante más frecuente fue diabetes mellitus no insulino-dependiente (43.1%); estos pacientes necesitaron en forma usual debridación y terapéutica combinada. Durante la evolución bajo tratamiento y postratamiento, algunos esquemas no eliminaron ciertas bacterias grampositivas. El análisis de todas estas variantes así como un comentario global del problema se presenta en este trabajo