Amorphization and nanocrystal formation in a Pd-Ni-Cu-P alloy after cooling under different conditions.

Structure formation during solidification of a Pd-Ni-Cu-P melt is studied. It is demonstrated that changes in the heat transfer conditions lead to a nonlinear change in the characteristics of the structure. The article presents the regimes of cooling the samples and the results of their structure and composition studies. It is found that a decrease in the cooling rate of the alloy leads to an increase in the size, proportion and composition of nanoinclusions in an amorphous matrix. X-ray diffraction method, electron probe microanalysis, transmission microscopy and scanning calorimetry are used for samples characterization. This article is part of the theme issue 'Transport phenomena in complex systems (part 2)'.

Effect of Glutamine Synthetase Gene Overexpression in Birch (Betula pubescens) Plants on Auxin Content and Rooting in vitro.

The effects of transformation of downy birch (Betula pubescens Ehrh.) with the GS1 gene encoding the cytosolic form of glutamine synthetase on the rooting of plants in vitro was studied. The transgenic plants had an elevated content of glutamine as well as glutamic and aspartic acids and rooted more rapidly than the control plants. Rooting on a medium containing the glutamine synthetase inhibitor phosphinothricin prevented the accumulation of auxin in birch plants carrying the GS1 gene, indicating the involvement of this enzyme in raising the level of auxins in the transgenic plants. The correlation between the increase in the auxin levels in the transgenic plants carrying the glutamine synthetase gene and the increase in the rooting rate is shown for the first time.

Testing Transgenic Aspen Plants with bar Gene for Herbicide Resistance under Semi-natural Conditions.

Obtaining herbicide resistant plants is an important task in the genetic engineering of forest trees. Transgenic European aspen plants (Populus tremula L.) expressing the bar gene for phosphinothricin resistance have been produced using Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. Successful genetic transformation was confirmed by PCR analysis for thirteen lines derived from two elite genotypes. In 2014-2015, six lines were evaluated for resistance to herbicide treatment under semi-natural conditions. All selected transgenic lines were resistant to the herbicide Basta at doses equivalent to 10 l/ha (twofold normal field dosage) whereas the control plants died at 2.5 l/ha. Foliar NH4-N concentrations in transgenic plants did not change after treatment. Extremely low temperatures in the third ten-day period of October 2014 revealed differences in freeze tolerance between the lines obtained from Pt of f2 aspen genotypes. Stable expression of the bar gene after overwintering outdoors was confirmed by RT-PCR. On the basis of the tests, four transgenic aspen lines were selected. The bar gene could be used for retransformation of transgenic forest trees expressing valuable traits, such as increased productivity.

[Experimental model of severe local radiation injuries of the skin after X-rays].

The experimental model of severe local radiation injuries skin under the influence of a relatively soft X-rays on a modified device RAP 100-10 produced by "Diagnostica-M" (Russia) was proposed. The model can be used as pre-clinical studies in small experimental animals in order to improve the treatment of local radiation injuries, especially in the conditions of application of cellular therapy.

Solute trapping in rapid solidification of a binary dilute system: a phase-field study.

The phase-field model of Echebarria, Folch, Karma, and Plapp [Phys. Rev. E 70, 061604 (2004)] is extended to the case of rapid solidification in which local nonequilibrium phenomena occur in the bulk phases and within the diffuse solid-liquid interface. Such an extension leads to the fully hyperbolic system of equations given by the atomic diffusion equation and the phase-field equation of motion. This model is applied to the problem of solute trapping, which is accompanied by the entrapment of solute atoms beyond chemical equilibrium by a rapidly moving interface. The model predicts the beginning of complete solute trapping and diffusionless solidification at a finite solidification velocity equal to the diffusion speed in bulk liquid.

[Mesenchymal stem cells transplantation in the treatment of radiation skin lesions].

Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells, both at early and later stage after local exposure of rats source beta radiation dose, 90Sr/90Y 140 GR, stimulates recovery of damaged skin. Diminution area local radiation injuries and accelerate healing radiation ulcers. Clinically shows the high efficiency of the transplantations autologous mesenchymal stem cells in treatment of deep beam ulcers, intractable standard conservative treatment. Found promising application of mesenchymal stem cells for treatment of severe local radiation injuries and the need to develop the best possible conditions for their use.

[Cotransformation of aspen and birch with three T-DNA regions from two different replicons in one Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain].

The cointegration rate into the aspen and birch genomes of foreign genes from a binary vector and a disarmed Ti plasmid pCBE21 carried by the same Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain was studied. The cotransformation rate for the genes within the Ti plasmid varied from 30 to 100%; while the transformation rate for the gene from T(L) region was twofold higher as compared with the T(R) region. On the average, the gene transfer from all three T-DNAs was recorded in 10.9% of the transgenic lines. For the vector pBI121, the cotransformation rates for the genes from both regions of pCBE21 T-DNA were higher as compared with the vector pGS. In addition, a concurrent transfer of the genes from the Ti plasmid T(L) and T(R) regions was recorded only after the transformation with the vector pBI121. These results can be used for constructing woody plants containing several genes.

[The influence of mexidol on post-radiation recovery of hemopoietic system].

The purpose of this work was the study in experiments on mice of influence of mexidol on current and outcome of an acute radiation sickness. At an irradiation in a dose 6.0 Gy was studied a condition of hemopoietic system, and at an irradiation in a dose 7.7 Gy a survival rate of animals. In all experiments mexidol applied in two circuits of introduction. The first circuit - once per day with 1 for 8 day after the irradiation. The second circuit of introduction: with 1 for 5 day--two times per day and on 6-8 day once per day. The introduction of mexidol after influence of ionizing radiation reduces a degree of radiative defeat of bone marrow and promotes the activization post-radiation recovery of an erythropoiesis, neutrophilopoiesis in an bone marrow and lymphopoiesis in a thymus gland. This effect is more expressed at introduction mexidol two times per day. At influence of ionizing radiation in a dose 7.7 Gy has survived 56% of mice. The introduction of mexidol two times per day was enlarged by survival rate animal up to 94%. The application of mexidol once per day essentially did not influence on the survival rate of the irradiated mice. The received data show, that the introduction of mexidol with 1 for 8 day after an irradiation, frameing a favorable metabolic background, stimulates recovery processes in hemopoietic system, reduces gravity of a acute radiation sickness and by that enlarges the survival rate of the irradiated animals.

[The influence of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells of bone marrow on process of local radiation injury in rats after local beta-irradiation].

The influence of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MMSC), got from allogenic bone marrow, on local radiation injury in rats after beta-irradiation by a source 90Sr/90Y in a dose 140 Gy under various conditions and ways transplantation was studied. It was established, that transplantation MMSC, allocated on biodegradative membranes, which have been carried out for 21 day after an irradiation in conditions minor surgical of ulcers, resulted in reduction of the area of local beam defeats and acceleration of healing of skin, in comparison with the control of an irradiation. The introduction of suspension MMSC subcutaneous around of the center of a defeat at 8 day after an irradiation caused earlier healing of ulcers. It was concluded, that application of MMSC is perspective for treatment of local radiation injury and necessity of development of optimum conditions of their use at cell therapy of radiation injury of skin.

[Acute radiation sickness in experiment. Efficacy of mexidol].

Experiments on mice were made to examine mexidol effects on the course and outcome of acute radiation sickness (ARS). Regenerative processes in hemopoietic system were studied after 6.0 Gy radiation, survival of the animals was studied in 7.7 Gy radiation. Mexidol was used in two schemes. Scheme one--once a day on days 1-8 after radiation. Scheme 2--twice a day on days 1-5, and once a day on days 6-8 after radiation. Administration of mexidol after exposure to ionizing radiation promotes activation of postradiation recovery of erythropoiesis, neutrophilopoiesis in bone marrow and lymphopoiesis in the thymus. This effect was stronger in mexidol administration twice a day. After ionizing radiation in a dose 7.7 Gy only 56% mice survived. Twice a day mexidol increased the survival to 94%. Once a day mexidol had insignificant effect on survival of mice. Thus, administration of mexidol on days 1-8 after radiation had a good effect on metabolism, stimulates regenerative processes in hemopoietic system, attenuates severity of ARS and increases survival of irradiated animals.

[Effect of mexidol on hemopoietic system in conditions of an emotional stress after exposure to ionizing radiation].

The emotional stress after an irradiation can complicate the current of radiative defeats. At an emotional stress developing in early terms after an irradiation in low doses, are reduced adaptive and compensator capabilities of hemopoietic system. The emotional stress after a lethal dose irradiation inhibits the post-radiation recovery of haemopoiesis, aggravates the course of acute radiation disease and decreases the efficiency of the radioprotector--indralin. These disorders are especially pronounced under a prolonged and intensive stress. The use of the mexidol, having anxiolytic and antistress by activity, made it possible to arrest completely disturbances in the development of adaptive reactions to stress in the blood system and to normalize its compensatory potentialities in animals under conditions of combined influence of intensive long-term emotional stress and of low-dose irradiation. In the case of lethally irraiated animals, the treatment of stressed animals with mexidol favorably influenced the course of acute radiation disease, enhanced recovery processes in the blood system. Under these conditions, the use of mexidol completely removes the negative effect of emotional stress in indralin-protected animals. The pharmacological correction by mexidol from displays of an intensive emotional stress, developing after an irradiation in various doses, can be a part in system of medical measures.

[Using aphobazol for treatment of the emotional stress after exposure to ionizing radiation].

Emotional stress after radiation may aggravate the course of radiation-induced diseases. The use of the selective anxiolytic aphobazol (a drug from a mercaptobenzamidasol group) corrects development of adaptive reactions to stress in the blood system and normalizes its compensatory potentialities in animals under conditions of combined influence of intensive long-term emotional stress and low-dose irradiation. In lethally irradiated animals the treatment of stressed animals with aphobazol favourably influenced the course of acute radiation disease, enhanced recovery processes in the blood system, increased the animals' survival. The use of aphobazol completely removed a negative effect of emotional stress in indralin-protected animals. Thus, pharmacological correction of the emotional stress caused by different doses of radiation is not only a symptomatic but also a pathogenetically justified form of treatment.

[The adaptive reactions in hemopoietic system of the irradiated mice of two lines, differing in the level of emotionally-stress reactions on the emotional stress].

On lines of the mice genetically differing on the sensitivity on emotional stress (steady--of the mouse of the line C57BL/6 or sensitive--of the mouse of the line BALB/c), the research of the development of the adaptive reactions in the system of the blood on the emotional stress influencing animals on the background of the preliminary irradiation in a low dose (0.9 Gy) is carried out. The unirradiated mice of the line C57BL/6 adequately reacted on the stress, that was shown in a moderate behavioural reaction during the period of stress, and the development of high-grade adaptive reactions in the hemopoietic system. Among the mice of the line C57BL/6 in conditions of the combined influence of ionizing radiation and of the emotional stress was not revealed of the infringements of the adaptive reactions of the hemogenesis. As opposed to these data, among unirradiated mice of the line BALB/c the sharply expressed behavioural reactions during the stress were marked, that was accompanied by incomplete development of the adaptive reactions in the system of a blood on the stress. Under the influence of stress on the previously irradiated animal line BALB/c was observed the inhibition of the medullar hemopoiesis.

[The effect of prodigiozan on the postradiational recovery of hemopoiesis in long-term bone morrow cultures of mice of different genotypes].

The influence of prodigiozan on the processes of postirradiation recovery of hemopoiesis in long-term bone morrow cultures of two strain mice, having genetic distinctions in the condition of systems of the reparation DNA was investigated. It was showh, that the irradiation of long-term bone morrow cultures of mice reparation-defective strain 101/H resulted in the greater degree damage of early haemopoietic precursors (GM-CFC), reduction of the amount of the immature and of the mature granulocytes and of the decrease of the number of stromall cells in the comparison with the bone morrow of reparation-capable mice (CBA x C57B1)F1. Under the introduction in cultures of prodigiozan for 24 hours prior to an radiation the distinctions of the speed of postirradiation recovery of hemopoiesis substantially smoothed out, and the protective effect of the drag in bone morrow cultures of mice 101/H was comparable to those, marked in bone morrow cultures of reparation-capable strain mice (CBA x C57B1)F1. It is supposed, that this effect can be caused by the activation of the hematopoietic microenvironment cellular elements and inclusion of the mechanisms of intercellular of interactions, which provide stimulation of the regenerative processes at action radioprotective drags and can in the certain degree to compensate the defect of the systems of the reparation DNA.

[The role of hematopoietic microenvironment in prodigiozan' mechanism of action on postradiation recovery of hemopoiesis in long-term bone marrow cultures]. / Rol' gemopoézindutsiruiushchego mikrookruzheniia v mekhanizme deistviia prodigiozana na protsessy postradiatsionnogo vosstanovleniia krovetvoreniia v dlitel'nykh kul'turakh kostnogo mozga.

Influence of prodigiozan in different concentrations on the process of postirradiation recovery of haemopoietic precursors (GM-CFC) and morphologically recognizable elements of the bone marrow were studied in long-term bone marrow cultures during 28 days after 2 Gy gamma-irradiation. Also, prodigiozan was studied for action on the contents of GM-CFC and induction of GM-CSF three, 24 and 48 hours after injection in cultures unexposed to radiation. It is shown that injection of prodigiozan in concentration 0.1-1.0 microg/ml 24 hours prior to irradiation stimulates postradiation recovery of GM-CFC number and a total number of myelocaryocytes in irradiation of long-term bone marrow cultures. In saved cultures there was an increase in the number of stromal cells 1 and 2 days after radiation. In non-exposed to radiation long-term bone marrow cultures injection of prodigiozan increased induction of GM-CSF and raised contents of GM-CFC. The maximal increase occurred 24 hours after introduction of radioprotector. It is suggested that one of the mechanisms of a radioprotective action of prodigiozan may be stimulation of hematopoietic microenvironment cellular elements leading to a marked release of GM-CSF or/and other cytokines and stimulation of recovery of hemopoietic precursors.

[Role of hematopoietic microenvironment in the mechanism of radioprotective action of interleukin-1 beta in long-term bone marrow cultures]. / Izuchenie roli gemopoézindutsiruiushchego mikrookruzheniia v mekhanizme radiozashchitnogo deistviia interleikina-1 beta na modeli dlitel'nykh kul'tur kostnogo mozga.

The influence of human interleukin-1 beta in different concentration on processes of postirradiation recovery of haemopoietic precursors (GM-CFC) and morphology of recognized elements of bone marrow were studied in long-term bone marrow cultures during 28 days after gamma-irradiation with a dose of 2 Gy. It was studied also the action of interleukin-1 beta on proliferation, the contents of GM-CFC and the induction of GM-CSF in non-irradiated cultures. It was shown that the injection of interleukin-1 beta increased proliferation and the content of GM-CFC and also raised an induction of GM-CSF in the non-irradiation cultures. The maximum increase of a level of GM-CSF, amount of GM-CFC and proliferation of GM-CFC was marked in 20 hours after the injection of cytokine. Under irradiation of long-term bone marrow cultures the maximum stimulation effect to recovery of GM-CFC, total number of myelocaryocytes and the content of immature and mature granulocytes were observed after the injection of interleukin-1 beta in concentration of 0.005 microgram/ml 20 hours prior to radiation exposure. The data of this report suggest that one of the mechanisms of radioprotective action of interleukin-1 beta apparently is connected with stimulation action on hematopoietic microenvironment cellular elements that causes the release of GM-CSF or/and other cytokines, and stimulation recovery of haemopoietic precursors.

[Effects of the composition of bone tissue growth factors on cell growth on the model of long term culture of the bone marrow]. / Vliianie kompozitsii faktorov rosta kosnoi tkani na kletochnyi rost na modeli dlitel'noi kul'tury kostnogo mozga.

The experimental study of the properties of the collagen- and hydroxyapatite-containing osteoplastic material HAPKOL-I by bone marrow hemopoiesis was made in comparison with existing material HAPKOL. HAPKOL-I is a working name of the material consisting of HAPKOL and composition of non-collagen bone proteins produced from xenogenic bone material. Long-term cultures of bone marrow from mice (C57B1/6xCBA)F1 of dexter type were used. Cultivation time was 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. Intensity of hemopoietic processes was assessed on the samples; absolute count of stromal and hemopoietic cells on the membrane was calculated. It was found that in long-term cultures of the bone marrow stromal and hemopoietic cells develop on the materials HAPKOL and HAPKOL-I, processes of formation of hemopoietic microenvironment provide normal hemopoiesis. On both materials there was a gradual increase of cell counts, a rise in the number of stromal and a fall in the number of hemopoietic cells. More intensive hemopoiesis on the material containing non-collagen bone proteins may be due to this factor.

[Pharmacological correction of emotional stress after exposure to ionizing radiation and treatment with a radioprotector indralin]. / Farmakologicheskaia korrektsiia émotsional'nogo stressa v usloviiakh vozdeistviia na organizm ioniziruiushchego izlucheniia i primeneniia radioprotektora - indralina.

A possibility to use tranquilizers (aphobazole, phenazepamum) for reducing symptoms of prolonged emotional stress influencing rats after irradiation under treatment with a radioprotector indralin was investigated. It was found that indralin showed the protective effect and activated regenerative processes in the hemopoietic system of animals exposed to doses of 6.0 and 7.0 Gy. The prolonged emotional stress developing in the early periods after the exposure, essentially reduced the favourable action of the radioprotector on restoration of hemopoiesis. The application of tranquilizers stopped the inhibiting action of the emotional stress on the hemopoietic system of the irradiated animals in conditions of radioprotective administering.

[Disruptions in the blood system upon exposure to low-dose ionizing radiation depending on duration of emotional stress]. / Narusheniia v sisteme krovi pri vozdeistvii ioniziruiushchei radiatsii v nizkoi doze v zavisimosti ot dlitel'nosti émotsional'nogo stressa.

In experiments on rats, disturbances in the development of blood system adaptive reactions on emotional stress were found. Under the combined effect of preliminary (before stress) exposure to 0.8 Gy of gamma-radiation and the emotional stress of various duration (2, 4 and 8 days), a compensatory capability of the blood system decreased. The degree of the disturbances directly depended on the duration of the emotional stress.

[Study of mechanisms of anti-irradiation effects of interleukin-1beta in long-term bone marrow cultures]. / Issledovanie mekhanizmov protivoluchevogo deistviia interleikina-1beta na modeli dlitel'nykh kul'tur kostnogo mozga.

The influence of betaleukin (human recombinant interleukin-1 beta) on the processes of postirradiation recovery of haemopoietic precursors (GM-CFC) and the level of granulocyte-macrophag colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) were studied in long-term bone marrow cultures after gamma-irradiation with a dose 2 Gy. Then the betaleukin action on the contents of GM-CFC and induction of GM-CSF in the non irradiated cultures was studied. It was shown that betaleukin increased the induction of GM-CSF and raised the contents of GM-CFC in long-term bone marrow cultures, and the maximal increase of a GM-CSF level and GM-CFC amount was marked in 20 hours after introduction. At an irradiation of long-term bone marrow cultures in conditions of betaleukin introduction 20 hours prior to influence of radiation the smaller degree of damage and faster recovery of GM-CFC was observed. The data in this report suggest that one of the mechanisms of antiirradiation action of betaleukin apparently is connected to the action of the preparation on hematopoietic microenvironment cellular elements, that causes the release of a colony-stimulating factor and stimulation of recovery of haemopoietic precursors.