The many histories of the conflict thesis: the science vs. religion narrative in nineteenth-century Germany.

The idea of an inevitable conflict between science and religion leading to relentless hostility between the two emerged in the nineteenth century and has become a powerful narrative of modernity. Most historians of science trace the origins of the so-called 'conflict thesis' to the English-speaking world, more precisely to scientist-historian John William Draper and literary scholar Andrew Dickson White. Their books on the history of scientific-religious conflict turned into bestsellers. Yet, if we look beyond the Anglo-American world, the conflict thesis appears in new historical settings. This paper argues that the science vs. religion narrative flourished already in Germany before Draper and White announced the warfare between science and religion in England and the USA. Focusing on Germany, we aim to show that the conflict thesis emerged in a polycentric process shaped by various political, cultural, and social struggles. It became a rhetorical weapon for liberal scientists in Germany to oppose Ultramontanism and, at the same time, to discredit their rivals as unscientific, fanatic, or even as 'henchmen' of the Pope. Our paper makes a case for a decentred approach to the history of the conflict thesis, which brings to the fore specific political and cultural tensions shaping this narrative in the nineteenth century.

Wissenschaft im Glaubenskampf. Geschichte als Argument in den akademischen Festreden Emil DuBois-Reymonds (1818-1896).

The Religious War of Science. Historical Argumentation in the Academic Speeches of Emil DuBois-Reymond (1818-1896). Among the protagonists of the "laboratory revolution" (Cunningham/Williams) in 19th -century physiology were the self-proclaimed 'organic physicists' ("organische Physiker"), who shared a mechanistic conception of life processes. One of their key figures was the physiologist Emil DuBois-Reymond (1818-1896) who not only excelled in the field of neuroscience but also became known, over the decades of his active career, as an orator at the Berlin Academy of Sciences and Humanities. In his academic speeches, DuBois-Reymond regularly commemorated heroes of the history of science. On closer inspection, these references went far beyond paying the usual homage to precursors: This paper argues that DuBois-Reymond made use of episodes from the history of science as a means to legitimate his own reductionist research programme and, at the same time, decry idealistic natural philosophy and vitalistic positions. Drawing upon biblical rhetorics, DuBois-Reymond systematically construed experimental physiology as the culmination of a teleological development, and, hence, organic physicists as the incarnation of scientific 'redeemers'. According to him, the success of 'organic physics' displayed the peak of an inevitable development.