Cytokines in cerebrospinal fluid of children with West syndrome / Citocinas no líquido cefalorraquiano de crianças com síndrome de West

In this study we aimed to determine the levels of tumor necrosis factor beta (TNF-b), interleukin (IL) 1-beta (IL-1b), IL-5, IL-10, and interferon gamma (IFN-g ) in CSF from children during the onset of West syndrome (WS). We observed elevated levels of IL-1b and IFN-g correlated to clinical, EEG, therapeutic response, and follow-up suggesting the involvement of immune response in WS. These results suggest that inflammatory and immunologic mediators may play a role in the pathophysiologic mechanisms of infantile spasms. Our findings may explain the perfusion and cognitive disfunctions and actions of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), corticosteroids, and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) observed in WS. In conclusion, WS results from association of neurophysiological mechanisms and structural abnormalities with participation of cytokines mainly in symptomatic group.

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi quantificar os níveis do fator de necrose tumoral beta (TNF-b), as interleucinas: 1-beta (IL-1b), cinco (IL-5) e dez (IL-10) e o interferon gama (IFN-g), no líquido cefalorraquiano (LCR) de crianças durante o período ictal da síndrome de West (WS). Observamos níveis elevados de IL-1b e IFN-g associados aos achados clínicos, EEG, resposta terapêutica e evolução, sugerindo o envolvimento do sistema imune na WS. Os resultados indicam que os mediadores imuno-inflamatórios interferem na fisiopatogênese dos espasmos infantis, justificando as disfunções cognitivas e vasculares e a ação do ACTH, corticosteróides e imunoglobulina no tratamento da WS. Em conclusão, a WS forma sintomática resulta da associação de anormalidades estruturais e neurofisiológicas, com a participação de algumas citocinas pró-inflamatórias, principalmente no grupo sintomático.

Terson's syndrome. Report of a case with favorable outcome.

Terson's syndrome is characterized by the presence of a subarachnoid hemorrhage accompanied by retinal and vitreous hemorrhage leading to a not very favorable prognosis. We describe a case with a good outcome, probably because of a early diagnosis and medical intervention. We emphasize the routine optician's check up as very important in the evaluation of a prognosis in the cases of a suspect intracranial hemorrhage.

Mumps meningoencephalitis. An epidemiological approach.

The aim of this study was to analyse distribution of meningoencephalitis caused by mumps virus in children related to sex, age and seasonal influences. Thirty seven children were evaluated, ages ranging from 2 to 14 years. They were seen at Emergency Unit of Faculdade de Medicina do Triângulo Mineiro and at Hospital da Criança, in Uberaba-MG, Brazil, from March 1st 1991 to February 1st 1993 and they were hospitalized for about 5 days. Through a protocol findings were studied during hospitalization and clinical course stressing epidemiology, symptomatology, cerebrospinal fluid studies, electroencephalogram and cortical function analysis. Only epidemiological data were considered in the present study. Data analysis revealed male predominance, at a range from 5 to 9 years and great number of occurrences at the last quarter of the year.

[Striatocapsular infarction in childhood. Report of 4 cases]. / Infarto estriatocapsular na infância. Relato de quatro casos.

The authors present the study of four children that manifested asymmetric hemiparesis with sudden onset, without consciousness loss. The diagnosis of striatocapsular infarction was confirmed by computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The clinical and neurological examination, and laboratorial results are discussed. Familial history of migraine was found in two of the patients. Migraine was diagnosed in two, mild head trauma, viral miocarditis and mitral valve prolapse in one. Left hemiparesis, with brachiofacial features in three, and brachial in one. CT showed lenticular nucleus and internal capsule lesions in all of them, head of caudate nucleus in three, and white substance in two. MRI was done in two and confirmed CT findings. Electroencephalogram, at the acute phase in three, showed abnormalities in all patients.

Infarto estriatocapsular na infância: relato de quatro casos / Striatocapsular infarction in childhood: report of 4 cases

Os autroes apresentam o estudo de quatro crianças que manifestaram hemiparesia desproporcionada de instalaçäo súbita, sem perda da consciência. O diagnóstico de infarto estriatocapsular foi confirmado pela tomografia computadorizada do crânio (TCC) e ressonância magnética (RM). Discutem os achados clínico-neurológicos e de exames complementares. História familiar de migrânea foi relatada em dois dos pacientes. Constatou-se migrânea em dois, trauma craniano, miocardite e prolapso de válvula mitral em um. Hemiparesia esquerda, com predomínio bráquio-facial em três e braquial em um. A TCC demonstrou comprometimento do núcleo lenticular e da cápsula interna nos quatro casos; da cabeça do núcleo caudado em três e da substância branca em dois. A RM foi realizada em dois e confirmou os achados da TCC. O eletrencefalograma, obtido na fase aguda em três, se mostrou alterado nos quatro casos