A radiation of Psylliodes flea beetles on Brassicaceae is associated with the evolution of specific detoxification enzymes.

Flea beetles of the genus Psylliodes have evolved specialized interactions with plant species belonging to several distantly related families, mainly Brassicaceae, Solanaceae, and Fagaceae. This diverse host use indicates that Psylliodes flea beetles are able to cope with different chemical defense metabolites, including glucosinolates, the characteristic defense metabolites of Brassicaceae. Here we investigated the evolution of host use and the emergence of a glucosinolate-specific detoxification mechanism in Psylliodes flea beetles. In phylogenetic analyses, Psylliodes species clustered into four major clades, three of which contained mainly species specialized on either Brassicaceae, Solanaceae, or Fagaceae. Most members of the fourth clade have broader host use, including Brassicaceae and Poaceae as major host plant families. Ancestral state reconstructions suggest that Psylliodes flea beetles were initially associated with Brassicaceae and then either shifted to Solanaceae or Fagaceae, or expanded their host repertoire to Poaceae. Despite a putative ancestral association with Brassicaceae, we found evidence that the evolution of glucosinolate-specific detoxification enzymes coincides with the radiation of Psylliodes on Brassicaceae, suggesting that these are not required for using Brassicaceae as hosts but could improve the efficiency of host use by specialized Psylliodes species.

Four new species of Sphaeroderma Stephens (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Galerucinae, Alticini) from Taiwan, with discussion on genus boundaries based on S.flavonotatum Chûjô and S.jungchani sp. nov.

Three new species of Sphaeroderma Stephens, 1831, S.hsuisp. nov., S.changisp. nov., and S.sheipaensissp. nov. are described based on specimens from Shei-Pa National Park, Taiwan. A fourth new species, S.jungchanisp. nov., is described based on specimens from southern Taiwan. Delimitation of the genus is discussed based on S.flavonotatum Chûjô, 1937, which is redescribed, and the new species, S.jungchanisp. nov.

Demarchushsui (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Galerucinae, Alticini), a new species from Taiwan, with notes on immatures and biology.

A new species of the little-known genus Demarchus Jacoby was discovered at Pilu, East Taiwan, and is here described as Demarchushsuisp. nov. The larvae and adults utilise showy mistletoes as food plants. Their remarkable biology is described in detail, including egg deposition and leaf mining behaviour. Their biology is compared with that of other members of the genus.

Revision of the genus Arthrotus Motschulsky, 1858 (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Galerucinae) of Taiwan, with notes on color polymorphism.

Seven species of Arthrotus are recognized and redescribed: A.abdominalis (Chûjô, 1962), A.gressitti Kimoto, 1969, A.hirashimai Kimoto, 1969, A.fulvus Chûjô, 1938, A.saigusai Kimoto, 1969, A.tricolor (Chûjô, 1965), and A.testaceus Gressitt & Kimoto, 1963. Also, two new species are described: A.yuae sp. nov. and A.yangi sp. nov. Three new synonyms are proposed: Proegmenataiwana Takizawa, 1978 syn. nov., Dercetinanakanei Kimoto, 1969 syn. nov. and A.shibatai Kimoto, 1984 syn. nov. Lectotypes are designated for A.fulvus Chûjô, 1938 and Dercestraabdominalis Chûjô, 1962. Color polymorphism of each species is delimited base on more than 1800 specimens.

Integrative taxonomy of the leaf-beetle genus Gonioctena Chevrolat, 1836 in Taiwan (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Chrysomelinae, Gonioctenini) reveals new synonymies and one new species.

Taiwanese species of Gonioctena are revised based on morphological, molecular, and ecological information. Gonioctenasubgeminata (Chen, 1934), G.tredecimmaculata (Jacoby, 1888), G.kamikawai (Chûjô, 1958), and G.osawai Kimoto, 1996 are redescribed. The study confirms that Phytodectatredecimmaculatusvar.taiwanensis Achard, 1924 should be considered a junior synonym of G.tredecimmaculata (Jacoby, 1888), along with two new junior synonyms, G.ohmomoiCho et al. 2016 (syn. nov.) and G.riyuetanensisCho et al. 2016 (syn. nov.). Phytodecta (Asiphytodecta) issikii Chûjô, 1958 (syn. nov.) is treated as a junior synonym of Gonioctenascutellaris Baly, 1862, which is removed from synonym with G.fulva (Motschulsky, 1861) (stat. rev.) and redescribed. Gonioctenathoracica Baly, 1862 (syn. nov.), G.dichroa Fairmaire, 1888 (syn. nov.), and G.foochowensis Gruev, 1989 (syn. nov.) are proposed as junior synonyms of G.scutellaris Baly, 1862. A new species, G.liui sp. nov., is described and differentiated ecologically from G.scutellaris. Gonioctenanigroplagiata Baly, 1862 is newly recorded from Matsu Islands and redescribed. Host plants and biological information are provided for all Taiwanese species. Lectotypes are designated for G.scutellaris Baly, 1862, G.thoracica Baly, 1862, and G.nigroplagata Baly, 1862.

The genus Japonitata Strand (Insecta, Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Galerucinae) in Taiwan: a redefinition of the genus and descriptions of two new species.

The genus Japonitata is redefined based on comparison with its allied genera Paraplotes Laboissière, 1933 and Shairella Chûjô, 1962. Japonitataquadricostata Kimoto, 1996 and J.caerulea Kimoto, 1996 are transferred to Shairella. Japonitatahoujayi sp. nov. and J.jungchani sp. nov. are described. Biological information is provided for J.houjayi sp. nov. In addition, the generic boundary of Shairella is redefined by including S.quadricostata and S.caerulea.

Three new species of the genus Biasticus Stål, 1867 (Insecta, Heteroptera, Reduviidae, Harpactorinae) from Central Highlands, Vietnam.

Three new assassin bug species of the genus Biasticus Stål, 1867 are recognized in Vietnam based on morphological examination, morphometric and molecular phylogenetic analyses, and described as Biasticustaynguyenensis Ha, Truong & Ishikawa, sp. nov., Biasticusgriseocapillus Ha, Truong & Ishikawa, sp. nov., and Biasticusluteicollis Ha, Truong & Ishikawa, sp. nov. The conspecific male and female associations of the new species were confirmed by phylogenetic analyses and DNA barcoding of the mitochondrial 16S rDNA and COI genes. All three new species are presently restricted to the Central Highlands, Vietnam (Kon Chu Rang NR, Gia Lai Province, and Chu Yang Sin NP, Dak Lak Province).

Erratum: Corrigendum: Three new species of the genus Biasticus Stål, 1867 (Insecta, Heteroptera, Reduviidae, Harpactorinae) from Central Highlands, Vietnam. ZooKeys 1118: 133-180. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1118.83156.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1118.83156.].

Revision of the genus Furusawaia Chûjô, 1962 (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Galerucinae).

Yunnaniata Lopatin, 2009 is regarded as a junior synonym of Furusawaia Chûjô, 1962 syn. nov. Yunnaniatakonstantinovi Lopatin, 2009 comb. nov. is transferred to the genus Furusawaia Chûjô and redescribed. Furusawaiacontinentalis Lopatin, 2008 and F.yosonis Chûjô are recognized as valid species and redescribed. Four new species are described from Taiwan: F.jungchani sp. nov., F.lui sp. nov., F.tahsiangi sp. nov., and F.tsoui sp. nov. A key to Taiwanese and Chinese species of Furusawaia is provided.

Revision of the genera Xanthogaleruca Laboissière, 1932 and Pyrrhalta Joannis, 1865 (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Galerucinae) of Taiwan, with type designation of Galerucella lineatipes Takei.

The taxonomic status of Pyrrhalta Joannis, 1865 and allied genera Tricholochmaea Laboissière, 1932 and Xanthogaleruca Laboissière, 1934 is discussed based on the study of Taiwanese species. Tentatively, Xanthogaleruca and Pyrrhalta are regarded as valid genera while Tricholochmaea is a synonym of Pyrrhalta. Fourteen species are recognized and redescribed, including P. gressitti Kimoto, 1969; P. taiwana Kimoto, 1969; P. viridipennis Kimoto, 1981; P. igai Kimoto, 1981; P. meifena Kimoto, 1976; P. maculata Gressitt & Kimoto, 1963; P. tsoui Bezdek & Lee, 2019; P. semifulva (Jacoby, 1885); P. discalis Gressitt & Kimoto, 1963; P. ishiharai Kimoto, 1994; P. shirozui Kimoto, 1969; P. kobayashii Kimoto, 1974; P. ohbayashii Kimoto, 1984; and P. takizawai Kimoto, 1996. Taiwanese populations identified as Xanthogaleruca aenescens (Fairmaire) were misidentified and those are described as a new species, X. yuae sp. nov. Xanthogaleruca aenescens is redescribed for comparison. Eight additional new species of Pyrrhalta are described: P. alishanensis sp. nov., P. houjayi sp. nov., P. formosanensis sp. nov., P. jungchani sp. nov., P. lui sp. nov., P. meihuai sp. nov., P. tahsiangi sp. nov., and P. wulaiensis sp. nov. Type specimens of Galerucella lineatipes Takei, 1916 were rediscovered and are designated as lectotype and paralectotype. Galerucella lineatipes is removed from synonymy with G. calmariensis (Linnaeus, 1767) and regarded as a senior synonym of P. humeralis (Chen, 1942), syn. nov. Most Pyrrhalta species can be classified into four species groups based on their morphological and genitalic similarity. host plants and other biological information are provided for almost all species.

Taiwanoshaira Lee & Beenen, a new genus and first record of moss-inhabiting Galerucinaesensu stricto (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) from Taiwan.

Taiwanoshaira Lee & Beenen gen. nov. is described. It represents the first genus of Galerucinae (s. str.) in Taiwan documented to inhabit moss cushions. Shaira chujoi Kimoto, 1982 is transferred to Taiwanoshaira, as follows: T. chujoi (Kimoto), comb. nov. Two new species, T. taipingshanensis sp. nov. and T. tsoui sp. nov., are described. Adults of T. taipingshanensis sp. nov. were observed feeding on the moss species Plagiomnium vesicatum (Besch.) T.J. Kop. (Mniaceae). Microhabitats and distribution of Taiwanoshaira species are discussed.

Revision of Taiwanese species of Atrachya Chevrolat, 1836 (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Galerucinae): descriptions of three new genera, two new species, and designations of three new synonyms.

The genus Atrachya Chevrolat is redefined based on study of the type species A. menetriesii (Faldermann, 1835). All Taiwanese species of Atrachya are transferred to three new genera: A. hirashimai Kimoto, 1976 and A. nitidissima (Chûjô, 1935) are transferred to Neochya gen. nov.; A. mediofasciata Kimoto, 1976 is transferred to Tsouchya gen. nov.; A. unifasciata Takizawa, 1978 is transferred to Chinochya gen. nov. Two species are described: N. chengi sp. nov. and N. tsoui sp. nov. Atrachya bicoloripennis (Chûjô, 1938) and A. saramao (Chûjô, 1962) are regarded as synonyms of N. nitidissima (Chûjô, 1935) comb. nov., and Monolepta tsoui Lee, 2009 is synonymized with T. mediofasciata (Kimoto, 1976) comb. nov. Monolepta sublata Gressitt & Kimoto, 1963 is redescribed and transferred to Chinochya gen. nov. Taiwanese records of Monolepta sublata are based on misidentifications and represent specimens of C. unifasciata. Variablity of adult color patterns is discussed.

Application of a cubic phase plate to a reflecting telescope for extension of depth of field.

Wavefront coding is an accepted technique to extend the depth of field in incoherent optical systems. We present the design of a reflecting telescope with wavefront coding by employing a cubic phase plate (CPP). We propose a method to reduce the CPP size by changing its position from the aperture stop to a secondary mirror without varying the point-spread function, which is insensitive to defocusing. This change in position reduces the diameter by almost three orders and increases the third-order coefficients of the xy polynomial surface by two orders, thus easing manufacturing.

Revision of the Theopea genus group (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Galerucinae), part III: Descriptions of two new genera and nine new species.

This publication treats species within Theopea and closely allied genera that were not covered in the previous two revisions. Three species of Theopea Baly, 1864 are treated herein, with T. bicolor Kimoto, 1989 and T. mouhoti Baly, 1864 redescribed, and T. bicoloroides sp. nov. described. A new genus that we consider closely related to Theopea, Pseudotheopea gen. nov., is described. This new genus can be recognized with the presence of reticulate microsculpture on the vertex of the head and pronotum and presence of an apical spine on each metatibia. The following species are transferred to Pseudotheopea as new combinations: Theopea aeneipennis Gressitt & Kimoto, 1963, T. azurea Gressitt & Kimoto, 1963, T. clypealis Medvedev, 2015, T. nigrita Medvedev, 2007, T. smaragdina Gressitt & Kimoto, 1963, T. similis Kimoto, 1989, and T. subviridis Medvedev, 2012. Theopea subviridis Medvedev, 2012 is regarded as new synonym of Pseudotheopea similis (Kimoto, 1989). In addition, six new species of Pseudotheopea are described: P. boreri sp. nov. from India, P. gressitti sp. nov. from Philippines, P. hsingtzungi sp. nov. from Laos, P. kimotoi sp. nov. from Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam, P. leehsuehae sp. nov. from Laos, and P. sufangae sp. nov. from Taiwan. A second new genus regarded as closely related to Pseudotheopea, Borneotheopea gen. nov., can be recognized by possessing uniform antennae in both sexes and lacking an apical spine on each metatibia. Two new species of Borneotheopea are described from Borneo: B. jakli sp. nov. and B. kalimantanensis sp. nov.

Revision of the genus Theopea Baly (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae) in Sundaland and the Philippines: Redefinition of the genus.

The genus Theopea Baly, 1864 is redefined. Seventeen species from Sundaland and the Philippines are recognized and classified into four species groups (including seven new species): T. impressa (Fabricius, 1801), T. longicollis (Jacoby, 1896), T. louwerensi Jolivet, 1951, T. lunduensis Mohamedsaid, 1998, T. chungi sp. nov. in the T. impressa group; T. flavipalpis Laboissère, 1940, T. guoi sp. nov., T. lui sp. nov., T. sabahensis sp. nov. in the T. flavipalpis group; T. elegantula Baly, 1864, T. pulchella Baly, 1864, T. fairmairei Duvivier, 1885, T. kedenburgi Weise, 1922, T. houjayi sp. nov., T. tsoui sp. nov., T. yuae sp. nov. in the T. pulchella group; and T. costata (Allard, 1889) in the T. costata group. The following new synonyms are established: Theopea pulchella Baly, 1864 = T. nigricollis Jacoby, 1892 syn. nov.; Theopea impressa (Fabricius, 1801) = T. impressa flavicornis Laboissère, 1940 syn. nov. and T. impressa malaccana Laboissère, 1940 syn. nov.; T. lunduensis Mohamedsaid, 1998 = T. sepilokensis Mohamedsaid, 2000 syn. nov. Lectotypes are designated for Crioceris impressa Fabricius, 1801, Ozomena longicollis Jacoby, 1896, Theopea elegantula Baly, 1864, T. fairmairei Duvivier, 1885, T. nigricollis Jacoby, 1892, and T. pulchella Baly, 1864. Theopea obliterata Jacoby, 1884, T. variabilis (Jacoby, 1887), T. incostata (Allard, 1889), T. clypeata Jacoby, 1896, T. modiglianii Jacoby, 1896, T. dohrni (Jacoby, 1899), T. viridipennis (Jacoby, 1899), and T. weberi (Weise, 1913) are removed from Theopea and regarded as species incertae sedis.

Revision of Pyrrhalta (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae) species with maculate elytra.

Pyrrhalta Joannis, 1865 species with maculate elytra are revised. Pyrrhalta maculata is shown to be a complex of several species. Seven species are recognized: P. maculata Gressitt Kimoto, 1963 (Fujian, Taiwan), P. carolusi sp. nov. (Laos, Thailand), P. kaboureki sp. nov. (Sumatra), P. kambaitiensis sp. nov. (Myanmar), P. lucka sp. nov. (Laos, Thailand, Yunnan), P. schillhammeri sp. nov. (Laos) and P. tsoui sp. nov. (Taiwan). Colour photos of habitus, as well as drawings of male and female genitalia are provided.

The genus Lochmaea Weise, 1883 in Taiwan: results of taxonomic expeditions by citizen scientists (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Galerucinae).

More than 520 specimens of the chrysomelid genus Lochmaea were available for study as the result of collecting efforts by citizen scientists. Taiwanese species of Lochmaea can be separated into two species groups based on presence or absence of hind wings. The Lochmaealesagei group (winged) contains L.lesagei Kimoto, 1996 and L.tsoui sp. n. The L.smetanai group (wingless) contains L.smetanai Kimoto, 1996, L.cheni sp. n., and L.jungchani sp. n. Members of the L.smetanai group inhabit alpine microhabitats and are the only wingless galerucines in Taiwan that occur in harsh environments, as is the case with most brachelytrous Chrysomelidae.

Miniaturized laser readout head for application in a double-wedge prism scanner.

Double-wedge prism scanners are typically used for one-dimensional (1D) scanning in imaging systems. This type of scanner operates on the principle of two identical wedge prisms counter-rotating around the optical axis with identical angular velocity in order to move the image formed by the optical system in the plane of detector arrays. However, the relationship between the deviation and rotation angles is not linear. The proposed solution to this problem involves using a metal ring inscribed with line markers. The interval between each of the line markers is unequal, and each line marker corresponds with the unequal angular orientation of the wedge prisms. The line markers are detected by a laser readout head (LRH), which converts the line marker signals to electric clock pulses to correct for the nonlinear distortion of the double-wedge prism scanner. This study presents a miniaturized LRH, electric driver circuit, and photodetector amplifier for this purpose.

Revision of the genus Theopea Baly (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae) of East Asia: species lacking modified clypeus in males and the T. sauteri species group.

Theopea Baly, 1864 species lacking a modified clypeus of East Asia are revised. Theopea aureoviridis Chûjô, 1935, T. collaris Kimoto, 1989, and T. sauteri Chûjô, 1935 are redescribed. Theopea coerulea Gressitt Kimoto, 1963 is removed from synonymy with T. sauteri Chûjô, 1935. Hoplosaenidea irregularis (Takizawa 1978) and H. kanmiyai Kimoto, 1984 are transferred to Theopea and redescribed. A lectotype is designated for T. aureoviridis Chûjô, 1935. Five new species are described, T. cheni sp. nov. from Taiwan, T. geiseri sp. nov. from Northeast India, T. hainanensis sp. nov. from South China (Hainan Island), T. laosensis sp. nov. from West China, North Laos and Vietnam, and T. sekerkai sp. nov. from Central and South Laos.

The genus Clerotalia Jacoby of Taiwan (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae).

Six new species within the genus Clerotalia Jacoby are described from Taiwan based on study of more than 340 specimens: C. cheni sp. nov., C. jungchani sp. nov., C. meihuai sp. nov., C. tsoui sp. nov., C. wulaiensis sp. nov., and C. yuae sp. nov.. Clerotilia shirozui (Kimoto, 1969) is regarded as a junior synonym of C. formosana (Chûjô, 1963). Adults were collected by sweeping food plants, including Rhamnus nakaharae and R. formosana (Rhamnaceae).