Cumulative burden of inflammation predicts colorectal neoplasia risk in ulcerative colitis: a large single-centre study.

OBJECTIVE: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a dynamic disease with its severity continuously changing over time. We hypothesised that the risk of colorectal neoplasia (CRN) in UC closely follows an actuarial accumulative inflammatory burden, which is inadequately represented by current risk stratification strategies. DESIGN: This was a retrospective single-centre study. Patients with extensive UC who were under colonoscopic surveillance between 2003 and 2012 were studied. Each surveillance episode was scored for a severity of microscopic inflammation (0=no activity; 1=mild; 2=moderate; 3=severe activity). The cumulative inflammatory burden (CIB) was defined as sum of: average score between each pair of surveillance episodes multiplied by the surveillance interval in years. Potential predictors were correlated with CRN outcome using time-dependent Cox regression. RESULTS: A total of 987 patients were followed for a median of 13 years (IQR, 9-18), 97 (9.8%) of whom developed CRN. Multivariate analysis showed that the CIB was significantly associated with CRN development (HR, 2.1 per 10-unit increase in CIB (equivalent of 10, 5 or 3.3 years of continuous mild, moderate or severe active microscopic inflammation); 95% CI 1.4 to 3.0; P<0.001). Reflecting this, while inflammation severity based on the most recent colonoscopy alone was not significant (HR, 0.9 per-1-unit increase in severity; 95% CI 0.7 to 1.2; P=0.5), a mean severity score calculated from all colonoscopies performed in preceding 5 years was significantly associated with CRN risk (HR, 2.2 per-1-unit increase; 95% CI 1.6 to 3.1; P<0.001). CONCLUSION: The risk of CRN in UC is significantly associated with accumulative inflammatory burden. An accurate CRN risk stratification should involve assessment of multiple surveillance episodes to take this into account.

Exosomal microRNAs (exomiRs): Small molecules with a big role in cancer.

Exosomes are secreted vesicles which can transmit molecular cargo between cells. Exosomal microRNAs (exomiRs) have drawn much attention in recent years because there is increasing evidence to suggest that loading of microRNAs into exosomes is not a random process. Preclinical studies have identified functional roles for exomiRs in influencing many hallmarks of cancer. Mechanisms underpinning their actions, such as exomiR receptors ("miRceptors"), are now becoming apparent. Even more exciting is the fact that exomiRs are highly suitable candidates for use as non-invasive biomarkers in an era of personalized cancer medicine.

Bacterias en superficies contactadas durante las tomas radiográficas intraorales / Bacteria in contacting surfaces during intraoral radiographies procedures

Determinar la presencia de bacterias mediante el análisis microbiológico en las superficies contactadas por el operador durante la toma y procesado de radiografías intraorales en diferentes momentos del día en el Servicio de Radiología Oral de la UPCH. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un muestreo en nueve superficies del servicio de radiología oral. Las muestras se tomaron en dos momentos por el mismo investigador; al inicio y al finalizar las actividades en el servicio, se realizó el hisopado de las superficies con Caldo de Tripticasa Soya (TSB). Las muestras fueron inoculadas e incubadas en tres medios de cultivos (Agar Plate Count, Agar Sangre Cordero y Agar Cetrimide). Luego se realizó el conteo respectivo de Unidad Formadoras de Colonias (UFC) y también se realizó la tinción Gram. Resultados: Se encontró una alta cantidad concentración de bacterias (4180 UFC/mL) y hongos en el servicio radiología oral. Los cocos gram positivos fueron los microorganismos encontrados con más frecuencia y los bacilos gram negativos fueron menos encontradas. Conclusiones: Existe una gran contaminación de bacterias en el servicio de radiología oral. Al finalizar las actividades disminuye la cantidad de bacterias, pero aumenta la variedad de bacterias...

Determinate the presence of bacteria through a microbiological analysis of contacting surfaces in a radiology service from the operator during the taking and process of intraoral radiographies in different moments of the day. Materials and methods: A sample was taken from nine surfaces of the oral radiography service. Samples were taken with a cotton stick swap with Triptic Soy Broth (TSB) in two different moments by the same investigator; at beginning and that the end of activities. The samples were inoculated and incubated in three different cultivar measures (Plate Count Agar, Sheep Blood Agar and Cetrimide Agar) and also Gram stein was realized. Results: A high concentration of bacteria (4180 UFC/mL) and fungus was found in the oral radiology service. The coccus gram-positive was most frequently found microorganism and bacillus gram-negative was poorly found microorganism in this study. Conclusions: A high of contamination with bacteria was found in the oral radiology service. At the end of activities of the day, decrease the quantity of bacteria, but increase variety of bacteria...