Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) in the urban atmosphere.

Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) in air has been well known as the indicator of photochemical smog due to its frequent occurrences in Seoul metropolitan area. This study was implemented to assess the distribution characteristics of atmospheric PAN in association with relevant parameters measured concurrently. During a full year period in 2011, PAN was continuously measured at hourly intervals at two monitoring sites, Gwang Jin (GJ) and Gang Seo (GS) in the megacity of Seoul, South Korea. The annual mean concentrations of PAN during the study period were 0.64±0.49 and 0.57±0.46 ppb, respectively. The seasonal trends of PAN generally exhibited dual peaks in both early spring and fall, regardless of sites. Their diurnal trends were fairly comparable to each other. There was a slight time lag (e.g., 1 h) in the peak occurrence pattern between O3 and PAN, as the latter trended to peak after the maximum UV irradiance period (16:00 (GJ) and 17:00 (GS)). The concentrations of PAN generally exhibited strong correlations with particulates. The results of this study suggest that PAN concentrations were affected sensitively by atmospheric stability, the wet deposition of NO2, wind direction, and other factors.

Emission rate of particulate matter and its removal efficiency by precipitators in under-fired charbroiling restaurants.

In order to explore the potent role of meat cooking processes as the emission sources of particulate matter (PM), emission rates and the associated removal efficiency by precipitators were estimated based on the on-site measurements made at five under-fired charbroiling (UFC) restaurants. The emission patterns of PM for these five restaurants were compared after having been sorted into the main meat types used for cooking: beef (B), chicken (C), intestines (I), and pork (P: two sites). The mass concentrations (microgram m-3) of three PM fractions (PM2.5/PM10/TSP) measured from these restaurants were 15,510/15,701/17,175 (C); 8,525/10,760/12,676 (B); 11,027/13,249/13,488 (P); and 22,409/22,412/22,414 (I). Emission factors (g kg-1) for those PM fractions were also estimated as 3.23/4.08/4.80 (B), 3.07/3.82/3.87 (P), 8.12/8.22/8.99 (C), and 6.59/6.59/6.59 (I). If the annual emission rate of PM10 is extrapolated by combining its emission factor, population, activity factor, etc., it is estimated as 500 ton year-1, which corresponds to 2.4% of the PM10 budget in Seoul, Korea. Removal efficiencies of PM10 via precipitators, such as an electrostatic precipitator (ESP), bag filter (BF), and the combination system (ESP + catalyst), installed in those UFC restaurants ranged between 54.76 and 98.98%. The removal efficiency of PM by this control system was the least effective for particles with <0.4 microgram, although those in the range of 0.4-10 microgram were the most effective.