Adlercreutzia faecimuris sp. nov., producing propionate and acetate isolated from mouse feces.

A novel strictly anaerobic bacterium, strain JBNU-10 T, was isolated from BALB/c mouse feces. Cells of the strain JBNU-10 T were Gram-stain positive, non-motile and rod-shaped. Optimum growth occurred at 37℃, with 1% (w/v) NaCl and at pH 7. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that strain JBNU-10 T belonged to the genus Adlercreutzia and were closely related to Adlercreutzia muris WCA-131-CoC-2 T (95.90%). The genome sequencing of strain JBNU-10 T revealed a genome size of 2,790,983 bp, a DNA G + C content of 69.4 mol%. It contains a total of 2,266 CDSs, 5 rRNA genes and 49 tRNA genes. According to the data obtained strain JBNU-10 T shared ANI value below 77.6- 67.7%, dDDH value below 23.8% with the closely type species. Strain JBNU-10 T possessed iso-C16:0 DMA, C18:1 CIS 9 FAME, and C18:0 DMA as the major fatty acids and had DMMK-6. The major end products of fermentation is propionate and acetate. Based on phylogenetic, physiological and chemotaxonomic characteristics, strain JBNU-10 T represent a novel species of the genus Adlercreutzia. The type strain is JBNU-10 T (= KCTC 25028 T = CCUG 75610 T).

Description of Roseibium sediminicola sp. nov. Isolated from Sediment of a Tidal Flat on the Yellow Sea Coast.

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped, motile, flagellated bacterial strain, designated as CAU 1639T, was isolated from the tidal flat sediment on the Yellow Sea in the Republic of Korea. Growth of the isolate was observed at 20-37 °C, at pH 5.0-10.5 and with 0-7% (w/v) NaCl. The genomic DNA G + C content was 60.8%. Phylogenetic analysis, grounded on 16S rRNA gene sequencing, revealed that strain CAU 1639T was closely related to species within the genus Roseibium. It shared the highest similarity with Roseibium album CECT 5095T, followed by Roseibium aggregatum IAM 12614T and Roseibium salinum Cs25T, with 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity ranging from 98.0-98.4%. It was observed that the average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values ranged between 72.5-79.5 and 20.0-22.9%, respectively. The polyphasic taxonomic analysis reveals that strain CAU 1639T represents a novel species in the genus Roseibium with the proposed name Roseibium sediminicola sp. nov. The type strain is CAU 1639T (= KCTC 82430T = MCCC 1K06081T).

Phocaeicola acetigenes sp. nov., producing acetic acid and iso-butyric acid, isolated faeces from a healthy human.

An obligately anaerobic, non-motile, Gram-stain-negative, and rod-shaped strain KGMB11183T was isolated from the feces of healthy Koreans. The growth of strain KGMB11183T occurred at 30-45 °C (optimum 37 °C), at pH 6-9 (optimum pH 7), and in the presence of 0-0.5% NaCl (optimum 0%). Strain KGMB11183T showed 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities of 95.4% and 94.2% to the closest recognized species, Phocaeicola plebeius M12T, and Phocaeicola faecicola AGMB03916T. Phylogenetic analysis showed that strain KGMB11183T is a member of the genus Phocaeiocla. The major end products of fermentation are acetic acid and isobutyric acid. The major cellular fatty acids (> 10%) of this isolate were C18:1 cis 9, anteiso-C15:0, and summed feature 11 (iso-C17:0 3-OH and/or C18:2 DMA). The assembled draft genome sequences of strain KGMB11183T consisted of 3,215,271 bp with a DNA G + C content of 41.4%. According to genomic analysis, strain KGMB11183T has a number of genes that produce acetic acid. The genome of strain KGMB11183T encoded the starch utilization system (Sus) operon, SusCDEF suggesting that strain uses many complex polysaccharides that cannot be digested by humans. Based on the physiological, chemotaxonomic, phenotypic, and phylogenetic data, strain KGMB11183T is regarded a novel species of the genus Phocaeicola. The type strain is KGMB11183T (= KCTC 25284T = JCM 35696T).

Coproduction with peer support groups: A new approach to culturally responsive social services.

The disparity of access to suitable social services for people from culturally diverse backgrounds is receiving increased attention. Coproduction between service users and providers has the potential as an approach to improve the cultural responsiveness of social services. What remains unknown is how social service organizations can facilitate and support coproduction with people from culturally diverse backgrounds. This article examines how three disability support organizations in Australia worked with peer support groups run by people with disability and their families from Chinese background to improve the organizations' service provision. We collected qualitative data through observations of activities in the groups and semistructured interviews with group members and organization staff. We found that organizing peer support groups facilitated knowledge exchange between people from culturally diverse backgrounds and organizations to inform practice development. Five contributors to the knowledge exchange were as follows: (1) assigning staff responsibility for exchange and trust with the group; (2) encouraging the group to challenge practice and cultural norms; (3) identifying and supporting the capacity of peer facilitators; (4) fostering trust within the group; and (5) collaborating with other organizations. Cultural responsiveness means incorporating people's cultural preferences in support provision and addressing the negative influences of cultural norms on people.

Gordonibacter faecis sp. nov., producing urolithin C from ellagic acid, isolated from feces of healthy Korean subjects.

A Gram-stain-positive, anaerobic, motile, and short rod-shaped bacterium, designated KGMB12511T, was isolated from the feces of healthy Koreansubjects. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that strain KGMB12511T was closely related to Gordonibacter pamelaeae 7-10-1-bT (95.2%). The draft genome of KGMB12511T comprised 33 contigs and 2,744 protein-coding genes. The DNA G + C content was 59.9% based on whole-genome sequences. The major cellular fatty acids (>10%) of strain KGMB12511T were C18:1 cis9, C18:1 cis9 DMA (dimethylacetal), and C16:0 DMA. The predominant polar lipids included a diphosphatydilglycerol, four glycolipids, and an unidentified phospholipid. The major respiratory quinones were menaquinone 6 (MK-6) and monomethylmenaquinone 6 (MMK-6). Furthermore, HPLC analysis demonstrated the ability of strain KGMB12511T to convert ellagic acid into urolithin. Based on a comprehensive analysis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, and phylogenetic data, strain KGMB12511T represents a novel species in the genus Gordonibacter. The type strain is KGMB12511T (= KCTC 25343T = NBRC 116190T).

Maternal nanoplastic ingestion induces an increase in offspring body weight through altered lipid species and microbiota.

The rapidly increasing prevalence of obesity and overweight, especially in children and adolescents, has become a serious societal issue. Although various genetic and environmental risk factors for pediatric obesity and overweight have been identified, the problem has not been solved. In this study, we examined whether environmental nanoplastic (NP) pollutants can act as environmental obesogens using mouse models exposed to NPs derived from polystyrene and polypropylene, which are abundant in the environment. We found abnormal weight gain in the progeny until 6 weeks of age following the oral administration of NPs to the mother during gestation and lactation. Through a series of experiments involving multi-omic analyses, we have demonstrated that NP-induced weight gain is caused by alterations in the lipid composition (lysophosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylcholine ratio) of maternal breast milk and he gut microbiota distribution of the progeny. These data indicate that environmental NPs can act as obesogens in childhood.

Jatrophihabitans cynanchi sp. nov., isolated from rhizosphere soil of Cynanchum wilfordii.

A novel actinobacterial strain, SB3-54T was isolated from rhizosphere soil of Cynanchum wilfodill, Jaecheon, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea. Cells of strain SB3-54T were Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, rod-shaped, and flagellated which formed pale yellow colonies on Reasoner's 2A (R2A) agar. Growth occurred at 15-30 °C (optimum 25 °C), pH 5-8 (optimum pH 7), and 0-2.5% NaCl (optimum 0%). Phylogenetic and phylogenomic analyses showed that strain SB3-54T formed a separate lineage in the genus Jatrophihabitans with Jatrophihabitans telluris N237T. Strain SB3-54T was positive for catalase activity. Genomic analysis showed that SB3-54T has plant-beneficial function contributing (referred to as PBFC) genes such as root colonization and plant protection from oxidative stress. Furthermore, genome of SB3-54T contained gene clusters related to cytokinin biosynthesis, auxin response, tryptophan biosynthesis, siderophore biosynthesis and bacterial toxin-antitoxin systems. Strain SB3-54T contained iso-C16:0 as the major fatty acid and MK-9(H4) and MK-9(H6) as the predominant quinones. The organism had meso-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid in the peptidoglycan. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol polymannosides, two unidentified aminoglycophospholipids and three unidentified phospholipids. Based on phylogenetic, physiological and chemotaxonomic characteristics, strain SB3-54T represents a novel species of the genus Jatrophihabitans. The type strain is SB3-54T (= KCTC 49134T = NBRC 114108T).

A novel plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium, Rhizosphaericola mali gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from healthy apple tree soil.

The rhizosphere microbial community is closely associated with plant disease by regulating plant growth, agricultural production, nutrient availability, plant hormone and adaptation to environmental changes. Therefore, it is very important to identify the rhizosphere microbes around plant roots and understand their functions. While studying the differences between the rhizosphere microbiota of healthy and diseased apple trees to find the cause of apple tree disease, we isolated a novel strain, designated as B3-10T, from the rhizosphere soil of a healthy apple tree. The genome relatedness indices between strain B3-10T and other type species of family Chitinophagaceae were in the ranges of 62.4-67.0% for ANI, 18.6-32.1% for dDDH, and 39.0-56.6% for AAI, which were significantly below the cut­off values for the species delineation, indicating that strain B3-10T could be considered to represent a novel genus in family Chitinophagaceae. Interestingly, the complete genome of strain B3-10T contained a number of genes encoding ACC-deaminase, siderophore production, and acetoin production contributing to plant-beneficial functions. Furthermore, strain B3-10T was found to significantly promote the growth of shoots and roots of the Nicotiana benthamiana, which is widely used as a good model for plant biology, demonstrating that strain B3-10T, a rhizosphere microbe of healthy apple trees, has the potential to promote growth and reduce disease. The phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, phylogenetic, genomic, and physiological properties of this plant growth-promoting (rhizo)bacterium, strain B3-10T supported the proposal of a novel genus in the family Chitinophagaceae, for which the name Rhizosphaericola mali gen. nov., sp. nov. (= KCTC 72123T = NBRC 114178T).

Novel Signal Peptides and Episomal Plasmid System for Enhanced Protein Secretion in Engineered Bacteroides Species.

The genus Bacteroides, a predominant group in the human gut microbiome, presents significant potential for microbiome engineering and the development of live biotherapeutics aimed at treating gut diseases. Despite its promising capabilities, tools for effectively engineering Bacteroides species have been limited. In our study, we have made a breakthrough by identifying novel signal peptides in Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron and Akkermansia muciniphila. These peptides facilitate efficient protein transport across cellular membranes in Bacteroides, a critical step for therapeutic applications. Additionally, we have developed an advanced episomal plasmid system. This system demonstrates superior protein secretion capabilities compared to traditional chromosomal integration plasmids, making it a vital tool for enhancing the delivery of therapeutic proteins in Bacteroides species. Initially, the stability of this episomal plasmid posed a challenge; however, we have overcome this by incorporating an essential gene-based selection system. This novel strategy not only ensures plasmid stability but also aligns with the growing need for antibiotic-free selection methods in clinical settings. Our work, therefore, not only provides a more robust secretion system for Bacteroides but also sets a new standard for the development of live biotherapeutics.

Description of Mycolicibacterium arenosum sp. nov. Isolated from Coastal Sand on the Yellow Sea Coast.

A Gram-staining-positive, aerobic, non-spore-forming bacterium was isolated from coastal sand samples from Incheon in the Republic of Korea and designated as strain CAU 1645T. The optimum conditions for growth were observed at 30 °C in growth media containing 1% (w/v) NaCl at pH 9.0. The predominant respiratory quinone was MK-9 and the major fatty acids were C16:0, C17:1 w7c, and summed feature 7. Similarly, the 16S rRNA gene sequence exhibited the highest similarity with Mycolicibacterium bacteremicum DSM 45578T and Mycolicibacterium neoaurum JCM 6365T, both of which exhibited similarity rates of 97.2%. The genomic DNA G+C content was 68.2%. The whole genome of strain CAU 1645T was obtained and annotated with annotation using RAST server. The pan-genome analysis was determined using Prokka, Roary, and Phandango. In the pan-genome analysis, the strain CAU 1645T shared 40 core genes with closely related Mycolicibacterium species, including the AcpM gene, the meromycolate extension acyl carrier protein involved in forming impermeable cell walls in mycobacteria. Therefore, our findings demonstrated that the isolate represents a novel species of the genus Mycolicibacterium, for which we propose the name Mycolicibacterium arenosum sp. nov. The type strain is CAU 1645T (= KCTC 49724T = MCCC 1K07087T).

Pseudomonas aestuarii sp. nov., isolated from tidal flat sediment.

Two novel Pseudomonas strains, SA3-5T and SA3-6, were isolated from a tidal flat (getbol) in the Republic of Korea. Strains SA3-5T and SA3-6 were subjected to polyphasic characterization to determine their taxonomic affiliations. Cells were Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped and motile by using peritrichous flagella. Based on their 16S rRNA gene sequences, strains SA3-5T and SA3-6 exhibited a high degree of similarity (100 %) and were classified within the genus Pseudomonas. Furthermore, the closest related species to SA3-5T and SA3-6 were Pseudomonas taeanensis MS-3T (98.3 %). The ranges of average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between SA3-5T and closely related species were 75.9-89.1% and 21.3-38.7%, respectively, both of which being below the thresholds for delineating novel strains. Strain SA3-5T and SA3-6 contained C16 : 1 ω6с and/or C16 : 1 ω7с (summed feature 3), C16 : 0 and C18 : 1 ω6с and/or C18 : 1 ω7с (summed feature 8) as the major fatty acids. The predominant respiratory quinone was Q-9. The DNA G+C content of strain SA3-5T was 62.5 mol%. Based on their combined phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic characterisitics, strains SA3-5T and SA3-6 represent a novel species of the genus Pseudomonas for which the name Pseudomonas aestuarii sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SA3-5T (=KCTC 92395T=JCM 35697T).

Tianweitania aestuarii sp. nov., isolated from a coastal dune, reclassification of Corticibacterium populi as Tianweitania populi comb. nov., and emended description of the genus Tianweitania.

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-flagellated and coccoid or ovoid bacterial strain, BSSL-BM11T, was isolated from sand of coastal dunes along the Yellow Sea of the Korean peninsula. Strain BSSL-BM11T grew optimally at 30 °C, at pH 7.0-8.0 and in the presence of 2.0-3.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, the up-to-date bacterial core gene set and average amino acid identity (AAI) showed that strain BSSL-BM11T forms a cluster with the type strains of Tianweitania sediminis and Corticibacterium populi. Strain BSSL-BM11T showed 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities of 98.3 and 98.0 % to the type strains of T. sediminis and C. populi, respectively, and less than 96.4 % to the type strains of the other recognized species. The average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values between strain BSSL-BM11T and the type strains of T. sediminis and C. populi were 77.0-84.8 % and 20.0-28.1 %, respectively. The 16S rRNA gene similarity, AAI, ANI and dDDH values between T. sediminis Z8T and C. populi KCTC 42249T were 98.0, 77.4, 76.7 and 20.1 %, respectively. The DNA G+C content of strain BSSL-BM11T from genomic sequence data was 61.3 mol%. Strain BSSL-BM11T contained Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone and C18 : 1 ω7c, C16 : 0 and cyclo C19 : 0 ω8c as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids of strain BSSL-BM11T were phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. Based on the polyphasic data, it is proposed that C, populi be reclassified as a member of the genus Tianweitania. Phenotypic and phylogenetic analyses revealed that strain BSSL-BM11T is separated from T. sediminis and C. populi. On the basis of the data presented here, strain BSSL-BM11T (=KACC 21634T=NBRC 114503T) is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Tianweitania, for which the name Tianweitania aestuarii sp. nov. is proposed.

Alkalimarinus alittae sp. nov., isolated from gut of marine sandworm (Alitta virens) and emended description of the genus Alkalimarinus.

A novel, Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, motile, catalase- and oxidase-negative bacterial strain, designated A2M4T, was isolated from the gut contents of a marine sandworm Alitta virens, collected from the eastern coast of the Republic of Korea. Strain A2M4T formed translucent circular colonies and showed rod-shaped cells with peritrichous flagella. Optimal growth of strain A2M4T occurred at 25 °C, pH 7.0 and in the presence of 2 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain A2M4T was closely related to Alkalimarinus sediminis FA028T, with the highest sequence similarity of 98.9 %. The complete genome sequence of strain A2M4T was 4.25 Mbp in size and the genomic G+C content, calculated from the genome sequence, was 43.2 mol%. A comparison between the genome sequence of strain A2M4T and that of its closest relative, A. sediminis FA028T, showed an average nucleotide identity value of 76.63 % and a digital DNA-DNA hybridization value of 22.2 %. Strain A2M4T contained Q-9 as the sole respiratory isoprenoid quinone and the major polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. The major cellular fatty acids of strain A2M4T were C14 : 0, C16 : 0 and summed feature 3 (comprising C16 : 1 ω7c and/or C16 : 1 ω6c). Based on its phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genomic characteristics, strain A2M4T represents a novel species of the genus Alkalimarinus, for which the name Alkalimarinus alittae sp. nov. is proposed. The type is strain A2M4T (=KCTC 92030T=JCM 35924T). The description of the genus Alkalimarinus has also been emended.

Description of Salinimicrobium tongyeongense sp. nov., isolated from seawater.

A Gram-stain-negative, non-motile by gliding and moderately halophilic rod-shaped bacterium HN-2-9-2T was isolated from seawater in Tongyeong, Republic of Korea. The strain grew at concentrations of 0.5‒7 % (w/v) NaCl, at pH 5.5‒8.5 and in a temperature range of 18‒45 °C. HN-2-9-2T shared the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence percentage with Salinimicrobium xinjiangense BH206T (98.2 %). The average nucleotide identity (ANI), average amino acid identity (AAI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridisation (dDDH) values between HN-2-9-2T and the S. xinjiangense BH206T were 76.0 %, 81.9 % and 19.7 %, respectively. The genome comprised 3 509 958 bp with a DNA G+C content of 43.0%. HN-2-9-2T contained MK-6 as the sole menaquinone. The predominant fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH, iso-C16 : 0, iso-C15 : 1G and summed feature 9, comprising iso-C17 : 1ω6c/C16 : 1 10-methyl. The polar lipids contained phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified phospholipid, two unidentified aminolipids, an unidentified glycolipid and six unidentified lipids. The polyphasic taxonomic properties indicate that the strain represents a novel species within the genus Salinimicrobium, for which the name Salinimicrobium tongyeongense sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is HN-2-9-2T (=KCTC 82934T=NBRC 115920T).

Genome-wide multi-omics analysis reveals the nutrient-dependent metabolic features of mucin-degrading gut bacteria.

The prevalence and occurrence of mucin-degrading (MD) bacteria, such as Akkermansia muciniphila and Ruminococcus gnavus, is highly associated with human health and disease states. However, MD bacterial physiology and metabolism remain elusive. Here, we assessed functional modules of mucin catabolism, through a comprehensive bioinformatics-aided functional annotation, to identify 54 A. muciniphila genes and 296 R. gnavus genes. The reconstructed core metabolic pathways coincided with the growth kinetics and fermentation profiles of A. muciniphila and R. gnavus grown in the presence of mucin and its constituents. Genome-wide multi-omics analyses validated the nutrient-dependent fermentation profiles of the MD bacteria and identified their distinct mucolytic enzymes. The distinct metabolic features of the two MD bacteria induced differences in the metabolite receptor levels and inflammatory signals of the host immune cells. In addition, in vivo experiments and community-scale metabolic modeling demonstrated that different dietary intakes influenced the abundance of MD bacteria, their metabolic fluxes, and gut barrier integrity. Thus, this study provides insights into how diet-induced metabolic differences in MD bacteria determine their distinct physiological roles in the host immune response and the gut ecosystem.

Description of Brachybacterium sillae sp. nov., a thermophilic bacterium isolated from a hot spring.

The taxonomic position of strain EF45031T, isolated from the Neungam Carbonate hot spring, was examined using the polyphasic taxonomic approach. Strain EF45031T shared the highest percentage of 16S rRNA gene sequence with Brachybacterium nesterenkovii CIP 104813 T (97.7%). The average nucleotide identity (ANI), average amino acid identity (AAI), and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values between strain EF45031T and the type strains B. nesterenkovii CIP 104813 T and B. phenoliresistens Phenol-AT were 77.0%, 69.15%, 21.9% and 75.73%, 68.81%, 20.5%, respectively. Phylogenomic analysis using an up-to-date bacterial core gene (UBCG) set revealed that strain EF45031T belonged to the genus Brachybacterium. Growth occurred between 25 and 50 ℃ at pH 6.0-9.0 and could tolerate salinity up to 5% (w/v). Strain had anteiso-C15:0 and anteiso-C17:0 as major fatty acids. Menaquinone-7 (MK-7) was the predominant respiratory menaquinone. The polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, three aminolipids, and two unidentified glycolipids. The cell-wall peptidoglycan contained meso-diaminopimelic acid as a diagnostic diamino acid. The genome comprised 2,663,796 bp, with a G + C content of 70.9%. Stress-responsive periplasmic chaperone/protease coding genes were identified in the genome of EF45031T and were not detected in other Brachybacterium species. The polyphasic taxonomic properties indicate that the strain represents a novel species within the genus Brachybacterium, for which the name Brachybacterium sillae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is EF45031T (= KCTC 49702 T = NBRC 115869 T).

Leeia speluncae sp. nov., isolated from Stegodon Sea Cave in Thailand.

A novel Gram-stain-negative, obligately aerobic, short rod-shaped and motile bacterium, designated strain BC00092T, was isolated from brackish ground water collected in Stegodon Sea Cave located at Satun UNESCO Global Geopark, Satun Province, Thailand. The phylogenetic analysis of BC00092T based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that the strain represented a member of the genus Leeia and was closely related to Leeia oryzae DSM 17879T (96.68 %) and Leeia aquatica IMCC25680T (94.89 %). The average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values calculated from the whole-genome sequences between BC00092T and closely related type strains of species within the family Leeiaceae were lower than the species demarcation threshold values of 95 and 70 %, respectively. Moreover, five conserved signature indels of members of the family Leeiaceae were found in the protein sequences from the annotated assembled genome of BC00092T. According to the results of the polyphasic taxonomic study, strain BC00092T represents a novel species within the genus Leeia, for which the name Leeia speluncae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is BC00092T (TBRC 13508T = KCTC 92111T).

Gracilimonas sediminicola sp. nov., a moderately halotolerant bacterium isolated from seaweed sediment collected in the East Sea, Republic of Korea.

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacterium, designated as strain CAU 1638T, was isolated from seaweed sediment collected in the Republic of Korea. The cells of strain CAU 1638T grew at 25-37 °C (optimum, 30 °C), at pH 6.0-7.0 (optimum, pH 6.5) and in the presence of 0-10% NaCl (optimum, 2 %). The cells were positive for catalase and oxidase and did not hydrolyse starch and casein. Strain CAU 1638T was most closely related to Gracilimonas amylolytica KCTC 52885T (97.7 %), followed by Gracilimonas halophila KCTC 52042T (97.4 %), Gracilimonas rosea KCCM 90206T (97.2 %), Gracilimonas tropica KCCM 90063T and Gracilimonas mengyeensis DSM 21985T (97.1 %), as revealed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. MK-7 was the major isoprenoid quinone, and iso-C15  : 0 and C15  : 1 ω6c were the major fatty acids. The polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified lipids, two unidentified glycolipids and three unidentified phospholipids. The G+C content of the genome was 44.2 mol%. The average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain CAU 1638T and the reference strains were 73.1-73.9 % and 18.9-21.5  %, respectively. Based on its phylogenetic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic features, strain CAU 1638T represents a novel species of the genus Gracilimonas, for which the name Gracilimonas sediminicola sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CAU 1638T (=KCTC 82454T=MCCC 1K06087T).

Genomic insight into Algoriphagus limi sp. nov. isolated from a mudflat on the Yellow Sea coast.

A Gram-negative, non-motile, and reddish-orange colored bacterium, designated CAU 1643T, was isolated from a mudflat collected in Ganghwa Island, Republic of Korea. The bacterium was found to grow optimally at 30°C, pH 9.0-9.5, and with 0%-1% (w/v) NaCl. The highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities to the bacterium were Algoriphagus kandeliae XY-J91T (97.9%), A. aquimaris F21T (97.1%), A. formosus XAY3209T (97.0%), and A. marincola DSM 16067T (96.2%). The DNA G + C content of the type strain was 40.35 mol%. The average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain CAU 1643T and the reference strains were below the threshold value for species demarcation. The predominant cellular fatty acids were iso-C15:0, iso-C17:0 3-OH, and Summed Feature 9. The major respiratory quinone was menaquinone-7. The genome showed three putative biosynthetic gene clusters that are responsible for different secondary metabolites. Moreover, CAU 1643T contains 72 genes that encode carbohydrate-active enzymes. Based on phenotypic, phylogenetic, and chemotaxonomic evidence, strain CAU 1643T represents novel species in the genus Algoriphagus, for which the name A. limi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CAU 1643T ( = KCTC 92080T, = MCCC 1K07150T).

Collinsella urealyticum sp. nov., a urease-positive bacterial strain isolated from swine faeces.

A novel actinobacterial strain, designated AGMB00827T, was isolated from swine faeces. Strain AGMB00827T was obligately anaerobic, Gram-stain-positive, non-motile, non-spore-forming and rod-shaped bacterium. Comparative analyses based on the 16S rRNA gene and whole genome sequence revealed that strain AGMB00827T was affiliated to the genus Collinsella, and was most closely related to Collinsella vaginalis Marseille-P2666T (= KCTC 25056T). Biochemical analysis showed strain AGMB00827T was negative for catalase and oxidase. Interestingly, strain AGMB00827T possessed urease activity, which was determined by traditional methods (API test and Christensen's urea medium), unlike related strains. Furthermore, the major cellular fatty acids (> 10%) of the isolate were C18:1 ω9c, C16:0, C16:0 DMA and C18:2 ω9,12c DMA. Based on the whole genome sequence analysis, the DNA G + C content of strain AGMB00827T was 52.3%, and the genome size and numbers of rRNA and tRNA genes were 1,945,251 bp, 3 and 46, respectively. The average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain AGMB00827T and C. vaginalis KCTC 25056 T were 71.0 and 23.2%, respectively. Additionally, the genome analysis revealed that strain AGMB00827T possesses urease gene cluster including ureABC and ureDEFG while the related strains do not have those genes, which is consistent with the urease activity. On the basis of polyphasic taxonomic approach, strain AGMB00827T represents a novel species within the genus Collinsella, for which the name Collinsella urealyticum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is AGMB00827T (= KCTC 25287T = GDMCC 1.2724T).