Elevated CK-MB levels are associated with adverse clinical outcomes in acute pancreatitis: a propensity score-matched study.

Aim: Cardiac injury, reflected by the measured concentrations of chemicals released from injured cardiac muscle, is common in acute pancreatitis (AP). However, there is no adequate evidence assessing the impact of cardiac injury on AP-related outcomes. Creatine kinase-myocardial band (CK-MB) mainly exists in the myocardium. Therefore, we sought to evaluate the relationship between the increase in CK-MB and the adverse clinical outcomes of AP. Methods: This propensity score-matched study analyzed AP patients admitted to the Department of Gastroenterology in the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University from June 2017 to July 2022. Propensity score matching and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to explore the relationship between CK-MB elevation and AP outcome variables. Results: A total of 5,944 patients were screened for eligibility, of whom 4,802 were ultimately enrolled. Overall, 896 (18.66%) of AP patients had elevated (>24 U/ml) CK-MB levels, and 895 (99.89%) were paired with controls using propensity score matching. The propensity score-matched cohort analysis demonstrated that mortality (OR, 5.87; 95% CI, 3.89-8.84; P < 0.001), severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) (OR, 2.74; 95% CI, 2.23-3.35; P < 0.001), and infected necrotizing pancreatitis (INP) (OR, 3.40; 95% CI, 2.34-4.94; P < 0.001) were more frequent in the elevated CK-MB (>24 U/ml) group than in the normal CK-MB (≤ 24 U/ml) group. Using the multivariate logistic regression analysis, elevated CK-MB levels were independently associated with increased mortality (OR, 2.753, 95% CI, 2.095-3.617, P < 0.001), SAP incidence (OR, 2.223, CI, 1.870-2.643, P < 0.001), and INP incidence (OR, 1.913, 95% CI, 1.467-2.494, P < 0.001). CK-MB elevation was an independent risk factor for adverse clinical outcomes in AP patients. Conclusion: CK-MB elevation was significantly related to adverse outcomes in AP patients, which makes it a potentially useful laboratory parameter for predicting adverse clinical outcomes of AP.

SIRS, SOFA, qSOFA, and NEWS in the diagnosis of sepsis and prediction of adverse outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: We compared Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS), Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA), Quick Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment (qSOFA), and National Early Warning Score (NEWS) for sepsis diagnosis and adverse outcomes prediction. METHODS: Clinical studies that used SIRS, SOFA, qSOFA, and NEWS for sepsis diagnosis and prognosis assessment were included. Data were extracted, and meta-analysis was performed for outcome measures, including sepsis diagnosis, in-hospital mortality, 7/10/14-day mortality, 28/30-day mortality, and ICU admission. RESULTS: Fifty-seven included studies showed good overall quality. Regarding sepsis prediction, SIRS demonstrated high sensitivity (0.85) but low specificity (0.41), qSOFA showed low sensitivity (0.42) but high specificity (0.98), and NEWS exhibited high sensitivity (0.71) and specificity (0.85). For predicting in-hospital mortality, SOFA demonstrated the highest sensitivity (0.89) and specificity (0.69). In terms of predicting 7/10/14-day mortality, SIRS exhibited high sensitivity (0.87), while qSOFA had high specificity (0.75). For predicting 28/30-day mortality, SOFA showed high sensitivity (0.97) but low specificity (0.14), whereas qSOFA displayed low sensitivity (0.41) but high specificity (0.88). CONCLUSIONS: NEWS independently demonstrates good diagnostic capability for sepsis, especially in high-income countries. SOFA emerges as the optimal choice for predicting in-hospital mortality and can be employed as a screening tool for 28/30-day mortality in low-income countries.

Percutaneous Drainage Versus Peritoneal Lavage for Pancreatic Ascites in Severe Acute Pancreatitis: A Prospective Randomized Trial.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to compare the efficacy of percutaneous drainage (PCD) versus peritoneal lavage (PL) for the treatment for severe acute pancreatitis patients with pancreatic ascites (PAs). METHODS: Severe acute pancreatitis patients with PAs were randomly assigned within 3 days of onset of symptoms to receive either PL or PCD. The primary end point was a composite of mortality or major complications during hospitalization and within 1 month of discharge. Per-protocol analyses were performed. RESULTS: Between September 2011 and June 2014, 86 patients were randomly assigned to intervention with PL or PCD. Ultimately, 41 patients in the PCD group and 39 patients in the PL group completed the study. The primary end point occurred in 15 (36.6%) of 41 patients in the PCD group and in 17 (43.6%) of 39 patients in the PL group (risk ratio, 0.84; 95% confidence interval, 0.49-1.44; P = 0.27). Mortality or major complications did not differ between the groups. Percutaneous drainage reduced intra-abdominal hypertension; however, PL reduced the incidence of deep venous thrombosis and pancreatic encephalopathy and was associated with a reduced need for intervention. CONCLUSIONS: In our study, the PCD was not superior to the PL in reducing mortality or major complications in severe acute pancreatitis patients with PAs.

New Risk Factors for Infected Pancreatic Necrosis Secondary to Severe Acute Pancreatitis: The Role of Initial Contrast-Enhanced Computed Tomography.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Pancreatic necrosis is a risk factor for poor prognosis of acute pancreatitis (AP). However, the associations between the findings on initial contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) of the pancreas and infected pancreatic necrosis (IPN) are unclear. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study. Patients with severe AP (SAP) from January 2014 to December 2016 at the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University were enrolled and assigned to an IPN group and a non-IPN group. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were sequentially performed to assess the associations between the variables and IPN development. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was generated for the qualified independent risk factor. RESULTS: Forty-two patients with IPN were compared with 100 patients without IPN. Contrast-enhanced CT was performed 7 (range 3-10) days after AP onset. Multivariate stepwise logistic regression analyses showed that the number of acute peripancreatic fluid collections (APFCs) (OR 1.328, P = 0.006), presence of peripancreatic and pancreatic parenchymal necrosis (OR 4.001, P = 0.001), and gastrointestinal wall thickening (OR 3.353, P = 0.006) were independent risk factors for IPN secondary to SAP. The area under an ROC curve for the number of APFCs was 0.714, the sensitivity was 78.60%, and the specificity was 57.30% at a cutoff value of 4.5. CONCLUSIONS: The number of APFCs, presence of peripancreatic and pancreatic parenchymal necrosis, and gastrointestinal wall thickening were independent risk factors associated with IPN. As initial contrast-enhanced CT (about 7 days from AP onset) plays an important role in predicting IPN, it is important for clinicians to consider initial imaging of the pancreas.

Portosplenomesenteric vein thrombosis in patients with early-stage severe acute pancreatitis.

AIM: To investigate the incidence and risk factors of portosplenomesenteric vein thrombosis (PSMVT) in the early stage of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). METHODS: Patients with SAP in a tertiary care setting from January 2014 to December 2016 were retrospectively reviewed. All contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) studies were reassessed and reviewed. Clinical outcome measures were compared between SAP patients with and without PSMVT in the early stage of the disease. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were sequentially performed to assess potential risk factors for the development of PSMVT in SAP patients. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was generated for the qualifying independent risk factors. RESULTS: Twenty-five of the one hundred and forty (17.86%) SAP patients developed PSMVT 6.19 ± 2.43 d after acute pancreatitis (AP) onset. PSMVT was confirmed by contrast-enhanced CT. Multivariate stepwise logistic regression analyses showed that Balthazar's CT severity index (CTSI) scores [odds ratio (OR): 2.742; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.664-4.519; P = 0.000], hypoalbuminemia (serum albumin level < 25 g/L) (OR: 32.573; 95%CI: 2.711-391.353; P = 0.006) and gastrointestinal wall thickening (OR: 4.367, 95%CI: 1.218-15.658; P = 0.024) were independent risk factors for PSMVT developed in patients with SAP. The area under the ROC curve for Balthazar's CTSI scores was 0.777 (P = 0.000), the sensitivity was 52%, and the specificity was 93% at a cut-off value of 5.5. CONCLUSION: High Balthazar's CTSI scores, hypoalbuminemia and gastrointestinal wall thickening are independent risk factors for PSMVT developed in the early stage of SAP.

Double-catheter lavage combined with percutaneous flexible endoscopic debridement for infected pancreatic necrosis failed to percutaneous catheter drainage.

BACKGROUND: Infected pancreatic necrosis (IPN) is a serious local complication of acute pancreatitis, with high mortality. Minimally invasive therapy including percutaneous catheter drainage (PCD) has become the preferred method for IPN instead of traditional open necrosectomy. However, the efficacy of double-catheter lavage in combination with percutaneous flexible endoscopic debridement after PCD failure is unknown compared with surgical necrosectomy. METHODS: A total of 27 cases of IPN patients with failure PCD between Jan 2014 and Dec 2015 were enrolled in this retrospective cohort study. Fifteen patients received double-catheter lavage in combination with percutaneous flexible endoscopic debridement, and 12 patients underwent open necrosectomy. The primary endpoint was the composite end point of major complications or death. The secondary endpoint included mortality, major complication rate, ICU admission length of stay, and overall length of stay. RESULTS: The primary endpoint occurrence rate in double-catheter lavage in combination with percutaneous flexible endoscopic debridement group (8/15, 53%) was significantly lower than that in open necrosectomy group (11/12, 92%) (RR = 1.71, 95% CI = 1.04 - 2.84, P < 0.05). Though the mortality between two groups showed no statistical significance (0% vs. 17%, P = 0.19), the rate of new-onset multiple organ failure and ICU admission length of stay in the experimental group was significantly lower than that in open necrosectomy group (13% vs. 58%, P = 0.04; 0 vs. 17, P = 0.02, respectively). Only 40% of patients required ICU admission after percutaneous debridement, which was markedly lower than the patients who underwent surgery (83%; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Double-catheter lavage in combination with percutaneous flexible endoscopic debridement showed superior effectiveness, safety, and convenience in patients with IPN after PCD failure as compared to open necrosectomy.