Byrsonima fagifolia Niedenzu Apolar Compounds with Antitubercular Activity.

Bioassay-guided fractionation of the chloroform extract of Byrsonima fagifolia leaves led to the isolation of active antitubercular compounds alkane dotriacontane (Minimal Inhibitory Concentration-MIC, 62.5 µg mL(-1)), triterpenoids as bassic acid (MIC = 2.5 µg mL(-1)), α-amyrin acetate (MIC = 62.5 µg mL(-1)), a mixture of lupeol, α- and ß-amyrin (MIC = 31.5 µg mL(-1)) and a mixture of lupeol, and acetates of α- and ß-amyrin (MIC = 31.5 µg mL(-1)). The antimycobacterial activity was determined by the Microplate Alamar Blue Assay (MABA) and the structures of promising compounds were determined by spectroscopic analysis. This investigation constitutes the first report of a chemical and antitubercular study of apolar compounds from B. fagifolia Niedenzu (IK).

Rapid molecular diagnosis of tuberculosis and other mycobacteriosis in smear-negative clinical specimens

Delay in diagnosis of pulmonary and other forms of tuberculosis (TB) can be fatal, particularly in HIV-infected patients. Hence, techniques based on nucleic acid amplification, which are both rapid and of high specificity and sensitivity, are now widely used and recommended for laboratories that diagnose TB. In the present study, diagnostic methods based on mycobacterial DNA amplification were evaluated in comparative trials alongside tradicional bacterial methods, using negative smear samples from patients with clinically-suspected TB (sputum samples from 25 patients with suspected pulmonary TB, urine samples from two patients with suspected renal TB and cerebrospinal fluid samples from one patient with suspected meningeal TB). A specificity of 100% was achieved with DNA amplification methods and tradicional culture/identification methods, in relation to clinical findings and treatment results. For the smear-negative sputa, conventional PCR for M.tuberculosis was positive in 62% of suspected lung TB case, showing the same sensitivity as bacterial identification. Both techniques failed in the detection of extra-pulmonary samples. Nested PCR showed, after species-specific amplification, a sensitivity of 100% for M. avium and 85% for M. tuberculosis. For extra-pulmonary smear-negative samples, only Nested PCR detected M. tuberculosis and all cases were confirmed clinically. Nested PCR, in which two-step amplification reactions are performed, can identify the two most important mycobacteria in human pathology quickly and directly from clinical spicimens

Inhibition of bovine brain acetylcholinesterase by aluminum

We report the in vitro inhibitory effect of very low concentrations of aluminum salts (IC50 = 4.1 x 10-12M) on bovine brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE). The enzymatic assays were performed using acetylcholine bromide in a buffered pH 7.4 solution at 37§C. The relevant enzyme interacting species is the Al3+ ion, whose concentrations were fixed at pM levels by a citrate metal ion buffer system. The IC50 demonstrates that Al3+ is a potent inhibitor of AChE