Phylogenetic relationships in the genus Podoserpula and description of P. aliweni, a new species from Chile.

Phylogenetic analyses based on a three-locus nuclear data set (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2, the 5' end of the 28S, and the largest subunit of RNA polymerase I) supported the pagoda fungus (Podoserpula, Amylocorticiales) as a monophyletic group most closely related to species of Anomoporia, which is nonmonophyletic, and Amyloathelia. Phylogenetic relationships inferred from internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences of specimens sampled in Australia, Chile, China, Madagascar, and New Zealand divided Podoserpula into two major lineages: Clade A containing Australian and New Zealand collections designated P. pusio and the Chinese species P. ailaoshanensis, which have basidiospores with no reaction to Melzer's reagent, and Clade B, which includes a species described from Chile, P. aliweni, and specimens originating from Australia, Chile, Madagascar, and New Zealand with dextrinoid basidiospores. Podoserpula aliweni forms a unique branch in the phylogenetic tree and differs from its most closely related taxon by 1.8-2.1% in the ITS region. The new species exhibits a tree-like habit with a white to concolorous stipe-like base with the hymenophore's main subcylindrical axis bearing up to 18 superimposed pilei, slightly enrolled white margins shading from yellowish white to orange-yellow toward the center, and ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid basidiospores measuring 4.0-4.5 × 3.5 µm. Ecologically, P. aliweni occurs during the rainy season, often gregariously on dried branches or wet soil under Nothofagus dombeyi or N. obliqua and has a distribution range of more than 600 km in southern Chile. This study extends the known distributional range and increases our knowledge on the phylogenetic diversity and taxonomy in Podoserpula.

Four new species of sequestrate Inocybe from Chilean Nothofagaceae forests.

Sequestrate fungi have enclosed hypogeous, subhypogeous, or epigeous basidiomes and have lost the ability to actively discharge their spores. They can be distinguished as gasteroid (basidiome fully enclosed with a loculated hymenophore) or secotioid (basidiome with some agaricoid or pileate-stipitate features, but the lamellae are misshapen and unexposed or mostly unexposed at maturity). There are only four reports of sequestrate taxa within the ectomycorrhizal family Inocybaceae, three from Australia and one from western North America. Recent field work in Nothofagaceae forests in the Chilean coastal range revealed novel sequestrate forms of Inocybe. We examined specimens using a combination of morphological and molecular data from nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer region ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS) and portions of nuc 28S rDNA (28S) and the gene encoding the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (rpb2). Here, we describe four new sequestrate Inocybe species, I. ranunculiformis, I. anfractuosa, I. illariae, and I. nahuelbutensis. Results of our phylogenetic analysis resolved the four new species as distinct species-level clades with strong support, suggesting that these fungi have convergently evolved sequestrate forms independently. The species described here were all placed along with members of the "smooth-spored temperate austral clade," which includes almost exclusively Australasian and South American species of Inocybe.

Gestantes con índice de pulsatilidad alterado en ecografía Doppler / Pregnant women with altered pulsatility index in Doppler echography

Introducción: La ecografía Doppler de las arterias uterinas es una técnica propuesta para predecir el riesgo de preeclampsia, retardo del crecimiento intrauterino y otras alteraciones perinatales adversas. Objetivos: Determinar la frecuencia de gestantes con alteración en las arterias uterinas durante el primer trimestre e identificar la presencia de preeclampsia/eclampsia, así como sus principales características clínicas. Métodos: Se efectuó un estudio descriptivo y longitudinal de 168 gestantes en el primer trimestre de embarazo, pertenecientes al municipio de Tercer Frente en Santiago de Cuba, evaluadas en una pesquisa de Genética realizada en el Policlínico Docente Cruce de los Baños, de abril a noviembre de 2018. A todas se les realizó ecografía Doppler para calcular el índice de pulsatilidad de las arterias uterinas. Resultados: En la casuística, 16 pacientes presentaron alterado el índice de pulsatilidad y, de ellas, solo en 3 se desarrolló preeclampsia, para 18,7 %; la edad promedio en estas últimas fue de 29 años y 2 eran nulíparas (66,6 %). Respecto al índice de pulsatilidad, el promedio fue de 2,5. Conclusiones: Se mantuvo un estrecho seguimiento, hasta el parto, de las pacientes con resultados patológicos, y se destacó la importancia de estudiar el índice de pulsatilidad de las arterias uterinas durante el primer trimestre del embarazo, sobre todo en las nulíparas.

Introduction: The Doppler echography of the uterine arteries is a technique suggested to predict the risk of pre-eclampsia, the intrauterine growth retardation and other adverse perinatal disorders. Objectives: To determine the frequency of pregnant women with disorder in the uterine arteries during the first trimester and to identify the pre-eclampsia/eclampsia presence, as well as their main clinical characteristics. Methods: A descriptive and longitudinal study of 168 pregnant women in the first trimester of pregnancy, belonging to the Tercer Frente municipality in Santiago de Cuba was carried out, they were evaluated by investigation of Genetics in Cruce de los Baños Teaching Polyclinic from April to November, 2018. To determine the pulsatility index of the uterine arteries, a Doppler echography was carried out. Results: In the case material 16 patients presented this parameter altered and just 3 pregnant women presented pre-eclampsia, for 18.7 %; the average age of these last ones was of 29 years and 2 were nonparous (66.6 %). Regarding the pulsatility index, the average was of 2.5. Conclusions: There was a close follow up of the patients with pathological results, until the childbirth, and the importance of studying the pulsatility index of the uterine arteries in the first trimester of the pregnancy, mainly in the nonparous, was emphasized.

A molecular and morphological re-examination of the generic limits of truffles in the tarzetta-geopyxis lineage - Densocarpa, Hydnocystis, and Paurocotylis.

Truffle species within the /tarzetta-geopyxis lineage share smooth, globose, hyaline spores, but differ in the amount of convolution of hymenia in ascomata. The relationships among truffle species in this lineage have historically been confused. Phylogenetic analyses of the ITS and 28S nuclear ribosomal DNA from recently collected members of the /tarzetta-geopyxis lineage from Asia, Austral Asia, North America, and South America prompted a reinvestigation of species and generic limits in the truffle genera Hydnocystis, Paurocotylis, and Stephensia. Our analyses support emendations of Hydnocystis and Paurocotylis, abandonment of Stephensia and the resurrection of the genus Densocarpa. Nomenclatural changes include the transfer of Stephensia bombycina to Hydnocystis, the transfer of Hydnocystis singeri and Stephensia bynumii to Paurocotylis, the reinstatement of Densocarpa for Stephensia shanori and transfer of Stephensia crocea to Densocarpa. This is the first detection of the genus Paurocotylis in the Americas. We describe three new species, Hydnocystis transitoria from North America, Paurocotylis patagonica from South America, and Paurocotylis watlingii from Australia. Our work highlights the unexplored diversity, morphological plasticity, and remaining taxonomic problems among truffles in the /tarzetta-geopyxis lineage.

Gymnopanella nothofagi, a new genus and species of gymnopoid fungi (Omphalotaceae) from Chilean Nothofagus forest.

A novel, lignicolous agaric from Nothofagus forests of southern Chile is described as a new genus and species, Gymnopanella nothofagi This taxon falls within the family Omphalotaceae as a sister group to Gymnopus in phylogenetic analyses based on sequences spanning the internal transcribed spacer region and D1/D2 region of nuclear 28S rDNA. Morphologically it is characterized by convex to flabellate basidiomata with distinctly gelatinized trama, pileipellis in the form of a cutis with erect fascicles of cylindrical, spirally incrusted hyphae and nonamyloid, broadly ellipsoid basidiospores. This combination of features, in particular the lack of a rameales structure, serve to distinguish Gymnopanella from Gymnopus, Marasmiellus and other similar genera of the Omphalotaceae or Marasmiaceae. The new taxon is known only from Chilean Nothofagus forests at approximately 45-46° south latitude, but concerted searching in similar habitats in surrounding areas or in New Zealand may extend the known range considerably.

Epidemiología de las enteroparasitosis y micosis superficiales en comunidades y hospital Infantil de Córdoba / Epidemiology of enteroparasitoses and superficial mycoses in communities and Hospital Infantil of Cordoba

Objetivos: Obtener datos epidemiológicos y compararresultados obtenidos de enteroparasitosis y micosissuperficiales en niños de ambos sexos entre 0 a 15 años deedad, en dos comunas suburbanas ubicadas al suroeste dela provincia de Córdoba (zona SO) y en niños atendidos enel Hospital Infantil Municipal en la zona norte de la ciudadde Córdoba (zona N). Métodos: Se analizan 790 muestrasde material fecal y escobillado anal y 106 muestras de piel yfaneras provenientes de niños residentes en dichas zonas. Seutilizan técnicas de análisis parasitológicos de Ritchie, Willisy de metodología clásica para análisis micológico. Resultados:De los parasitológicos procesados se obtuvo mayor frecuenciade Enterobius vermicularis, seguido de Blastocystis hominisy luego de Giardia lamblia. De las muestras micológicas seobtuvo un predominio de Microsporum canis seguido deCandida albicans en la zona N. Conclusiones: La carenciade cloacas, agua corriente y el hacinamiento familiar, asícomo también la inadecuada higiene personal y comunitariajustifican la mayor frecuencia de estas enteroparasitosis.Los datos epidemiológicos hallados no permiten establecerasociación estadística entre la presencia de micosis y el estadosocioeconómico de las poblaciones estudiadas.