Metabolic control level and glucose variability in adolescents with type 1 diabetes during low and high-intensity exercise.

OBJECTIVE: The main purpose of this study was to characterize the determinants of metabolic changes in young type 1 diabetes (T1DM) and to determine glycemic variability during low and high-intensity exercise. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 20 young male T1DM patients were divided into two subgroups characterized by levels of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c): HbA1c<7.3% (better HbA1c subgroup, n=10) and with levels HbA1c>7.3% (worse HbA1c subgroup, n=10). All participants performed a maximal oxygen uptake test and two efforts of various intensities (45 minutes of aerobic exercise and 30 minutes of mixed aerobic-anaerobic intensity exercise). Continuous glucose monitors (CGM) were used to control the glucose concentration. RESULTS: Changes in biomarkers describing the metabolic response were similar in both groups. A comparison of applied efforts exhibited that maximal capacity effort resulted in the highest values of blood glucose (BG) at the end (150.9-160.6 mg/dl) and 1 hour after the exercise (140.2-161.3 mg/dl). BG concentration before, during, 1 hour, and 24 hours after each exercise was insignificantly higher in the worse Hb1Ac group. CONCLUSIONS: HbA1c levels are insufficient to confirm whether the applied effort is performed in acceptable glycemic values. The CGM monitors allow for precise control of BG variations and accurate planning of physical activity by adjusting the insulin and carbohydrate consumption dose.

Otolith fluctuating asymmetry in larval trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum, as an indication of organism bilateral instability affected by static and alternating magnetic fields.

The possible effects of disruptions in the geomagnetic field caused by different man-made constructions have been increasing considerably in recent years. These include, among others, the development of wind farms located in the sea and increased numbers of underwater cables. The objective of this study was to determine whether a magnetic field (MF) of 10 mT or a 50 Hz electromagnetic field (EMF) of 1 mT affected the developmental instability of the inner ear organ, which is responsible in fish for hearing and balance, in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) reared in a laboratory for 37 days (13 days in egg stage and 24 days in larval stage). This was done by analyzing the fluctuating asymmetry (FA) of otolith size. The MF and EMF values applied in this study are those recorded in the vicinities of underwater alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC) cables, respectively. The influence of MF on otolith FA was found to be statistically significant, with the highest significance occurring in the group of youngest larvae of 5 dph (compared to larvae 15 and 23 dph). Otolith FA was also higher in larvae exposed to the EMF compared to control conditions, but the differences were not statistically significant. Thus, we can conclude that underwater constructions and cables which emit a MF of 10 mT or higher can affect living organisms that are within a distance of a few meters, especially those (as in the case of trout) in settled life stages.

Pericentromeric location of the telomeric DNA sequences on the European grayling chromosomes.

The chromosomal characteristics, locations and variations of the C-band positive heterochromatin and telomeric DNA sequences were studied in the European grayling karyotype (Thymallus thymallus, Salmonidae) using conventional C-banding, endonucleases digestion banding, silver nitrate (AgNO3), chromomycin A3 and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining techniques as well as fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and primed in situ labelling. Original data on the chromosomal distribution of segments resistant to AluI restriction endonuclease and identification of the C-banded heterochromatin presented here have been used to characterize the grayling karyotype polymorphism. Structural and length polymorphism of the chromosome 21 showing a conspicuous heterochromatin block adjacent to the centromere seems to be the result of the deletion and inversion. Two pairs of nuclear organizer regions (NOR)-bearing chromosomes were found to be polymorphic in size and displaying several distinct forms. FISH with telomeric peptide nucleic acid probe enabled recognition of the conservative telomeric DNA sequences. The karyotype of the thymallid fish is thought to experienced numerous pericentric inversions and internal telomeric sites (ITSs) observed at the pericentromeric regions of the six European grayling metacentric chromosomes are likely relics of the these rearrangements. None of the ITS sites matched either chromosome 21 or NOR bearing chromosomes.