GSK962040: a small molecule motilin receptor agonist which increases gastrointestinal motility in conscious dogs.

BACKGROUND: GSK962040, a small molecule motilin receptor agonist, was identified to address the need for a safe, efficacious gastric prokinetic agent. However, as laboratory rodents lack a functional motilin system, studies in vivo have been limited to a single dose, which increased defecation in rabbits. Motilin agonists do not usually increase human colonic motility, so gastric prokinetic activity needs to be demonstrated. METHODS: The effect of intravenous GSK962040 on gastro-duodenal motility was assessed in fasted dogs implanted with strain gauges. Activity was correlated with blood plasma concentrations of GSK962040 (measured by HPLC-MS/MS) and potency of GSK962040 at the dog recombinant receptor [using a Fluorometric Imaging Plate Reader (Molecular Devices, Wokingham, UK) after expression in HEK293 cells]. KEY RESULTS: GSK962040 activated the dog motilin receptor (pEC(50) 5.79; intrinsic activity 0.72, compared with [Nle(13) ]-motilin). In vivo, GSK962040 induced phasic contractions, the duration of which was dose-related (48 and 173 min for 3 and 6 mg kg(-1) ), driven by mean plasma concentrations >1.14 µmol L(-1) . After the effects of GSK962040 faded, migrating motor complex (MMC) activity returned. Migrating motor complex restoration was unaffected by 3 mg kg(-1) GSK962040 but at 6 mg kg(-1) , MMCs returned 253 min after dosing, compared with 101 min after saline (n=5 each). CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES: The results are consistent with lower potency for agonists at the dog motilin receptor, compared with humans. They also define the doses of GSK962040 which stimulate gastric motility. Correlation of in vivo and in vitro data in the same species, together with plasma concentrations, guides further studies and translation to other species.

Propagation of giant migrating contractions between the small intestine, cecum and colon during radiation.

BACKGROUND: Radiation increases the frequency of small intestinal and colonic giant migrating contractions (GMCs). These contractions contribute to the diarrhea and cramping after radiation therapy and are coordinated with one another across the ileocolonic (IC) junction. METHODS: We investigated the coordination of contractile activity between the small intestine, cecum and colon in five canines following circumferential myotomy on the ileum at the IC junction and compared it to intact animals. Studies were performed before and during a radiation schedule. KEY RESULTS: Myotomy increased the frequency of small intestinal GMCs prior to irradiation. In intact animals, the duration and amplitude of cecal GMCs decreased when multiple contractions occurred in rapid succession. This is in contrast to small intestinal and colonic GMCs and suggests a different mechanism of propagation for GMCs within the cecum. Ileal myotomy dramatically decreased the frequency of propagating radiation-induced colonic GMCs. The total number of colonic GMCs was not altered. Colonic contractile activity was disrupted in intact animals during irradiation. However, after ileal myotomy, irradiation did not affect the pattern of colonic contractile states. Diarrhea in irradiated animals with myotomy started earlier than intact animals. This may be related to the frequency of small intestinal GMCs. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES: Our findings suggest importance of the enteric neural connections at the IC region to contractile disorders of both the small and large intestine. The anatomic relationship between the canine IC junction is similar to the human ileo-appendiceal-colonic region and surgical manipulations of this area may likewise affect human contractile activity.

Fractionated irradiation alters enteric neuroendocrine products.

Radiation profoundly alters the contractile activity of the small intestine and colon. We hypothesized that some motor changes of the gut might be secondary to impaired neural input to smooth muscle or abnormal release of gut endocrine peptides. The density of products within peptidergic and cholinergic nerves and gut endocrine cells was estimated in six normal controls and six dogs who had received 1500 cGy in six equal fractions of 250 cGy. Choline acetyltransferase, acetylcholinesterase, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), substance P, peptide YY (PYY), and motilin were measured in tissue specimens divided into mucosal-submucosal (MS) and muscularis externa (ME) layers. Tissue samples were obtained from the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and proximal and distal colon. In addition, serum levels of motilin and PYY were determined before and during the administration of 1500 cGy in four separate dogs instrumented to record upper gut contractile activity. Intrinsic cholinergic activity as estimated by choline acetyltransferase activity was unchanged, while acetylcholinesterase activity increased in the MS layers of distal small bowel and colon. VIP was increased in the MS layers of jejunum and proximal colon as well as in the ME layers the jejunum and ileum. By contrast, substance P increased in the jejunal and proximal colonic MS layers and in the ME layers of the jejunum and ileum. Duodenal and jejunal motilin levels markedly decreased after radiation exposure, while serum motilin levels continued to cycle at a decreased peak level with migrating motor complexes. Colonic PYY remained unchanged but serum PYY levels decreased after irradiation. Increased neuronal synthesis and inhibition of neurotransmitter release are potential explanations for elevated tissue concentrations of VIP, substance P, and acetylcholinesterase. There appeared to be differences in the sensitivity of gut endocrine cells to irradiation. Changes in gut regulatory peptides and cholinergic enzyme activity occur with fractionated doses of abdominal irradiation, while the same schedule of irradiation produces striking changes in the canine small intestinal and colonic motor activity. It is therefore likely that alterations of contractile events may be produced by changes in gut neuroendocrine products.

Effects of fractionated doses of ionizing radiation on colonic motor activity.

The colonic motor effects of fractionated irradiation were studied in five conscious dogs. Seven colonic and two ileal strain gauge transducers were implanted. After control recordings, an abdominal dose of 250 cGy was administered three times a week on alternate days for three successive weeks (total dose 2,250 cGy). Recordings were then continued for 3 wk after the completion of radiation. Colonic giant migrating contractions (GMCs) occurred at a frequency of 0.15 +/- 0.05 contractions/h in the control state. Only one of these contractions (8.3%) originated in the small bowel and propagated into the colon. Abdominal field irradiation significantly increased the incidence of colonic GMCs to 0.51 +/- 0.11 contractions/h (P < 0.05). Fifty-four percent of GMCs originated in the small intestine. GMCs during the radiation schedule were associated with explosive diarrhea on seven occasions. Irradiation did not alter the frequency of colonic migrating motor complexes, but the mean duration of contractile states decreased in the middle and distal colon. Diarrhea occurred as early as the second dose of radiation. Pathological changes in the colon were correlated with motor activity. Both small intestinal and colonic GMCs reverted to control frequencies after cessation of radiation exposure. Abdominal irradiation significantly altered the contractile activity of the colon. These changes are associated with abdominal cramping and diarrhea.