Swallow Impairment in Parkinson's Disease: Revelations from High-Resolution Videomanometry.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a degenerative disorder that can cause dysphagia and dysphonia. We studied upper esophageal sphincter (UES) function and vocal tests using high-resolution videomanometry (HRVM) in PD. Ten healthy volunteers and 20 patients with PD performed swallowings (5 ml and 10 ml) and vocal tests using HRVM synchronized to the vocal acoustic recording. Mean age of the Parkinson group was 68.7 ± 9.7 years and mean disease stage of 2.7 ± 1.1 (Hoehn & Yahr scale). In videofluoroscopy swallow study (VFSS) for 5 ml, laryngeal elevation was significantly reduced (p = 0.01) in PD and for 10 ml, anteriorization (p = 0.03), elevation (p = 0.03) and total displacement (p = 0.05) were reduced in PD. In high-resolution manometry (HRM) for both volumes, intrabolus pressure was significantly higher in PD (p = 0.0004 and p = 0.001) and a higher NADIR UES relaxation pressure and NADIR UES relaxation at pharyngeal peak contraction in PD (p = 0.00007 and p = 0.0003, p = 0.01 and p = 0.04), respectively. Vocal tests results showed differences between the groups, especially for larynx anteriorization with high pitch /a/ emission (p = 0.06) in VFSS and for UES length with high pitch /i/ with tongue protrusion (p = 0.07) in HRM. Our results demonstrated a reduced compliance and subtle changes in UES function in early and moderate PD stage. We also demonstrated using HRVM that vocal tests can affect UES function. The use of HRVM proved to be an important tool in the description of events related to phonation and swallowing, which can affect the rehabilitation of patients with PD.

THE DYSPHAGIA INVESTIGATION: IS THERE STILL SPACE FOR THE VIDEOFLUOROSCOPIC METHOD?

AIM: Dysphagia can lead to aspiration pneumonia, impacting the nutritional status and quality of life of the patient. The videofluoroscopy is highlighted for allowing both a real-time evaluation and the recording of the images for later review and analysis. This study aimed to describe the characteristics of the population referred for videofluoroscopy and its value as an investigation method. METHODS: A descriptive and retrospective study was conducted. Exams were analyzed in lateral and anteroposterior views and reviewed using the frame-by-frame analysis software. The variables analyzed were an indication of the exam, previous diseases, dynamics of the oral and pharyngeal phases, and the degree of penetration/aspiration. RESULTS: A total of 141 exams were analyzed. The study population had a median age of 66.24±17.78 years. For the indication of the exam, the investigation of dysphagia was highlighted (n=87, 61.7%) and for previous conditions, diverticulum (n=13, 9.2%), pharyngeal bar (n=12, 8.51%), and stroke and Parkinson's disease (n=9, 6.4%) were highlighted. In the oral phase, 45 (31.9%) patients had a premature loss, and 108 (76.6%) patients had normal transit time. However, 100 (70.9%) had inadequate ejection. In the pharyngeal phase, 119 (84.4%) had efficient laryngeal displacement and 107 (75.9%) had an adequate opening of the upper esophageal sphincter. The beginning of the pharyngeal phase was classified as inadequate in 131 (92.9%) patients, and 80 (56.74%) had pharyngeal residue. Notably, 100 (70.9%) patients had grade 1 on the penetration/aspiration scale. CONCLUSION: Despite the didactic division of phases, swallowing is complex and has transition stages. Videofluoroscopy is the only method for evaluating all phases of swallowing and its events.

The dysphagia investigation: is there still space for the videofluoroscopic method? / Investigação da disfagia: ainda há espaço para o método videofluoroscópico?

ABSTRACT - BACKGROUND: Dysphagia can lead to aspiration pneumonia, impacting the nutritional status and quality of life of the patient. The videofluoroscopy is highlighted for allowing both a real-time evaluation and the recording of the images for later review and analysis. AIM: This study aimed to describe the characteristics of the population referred for videofluoroscopy and its value as an investigation method. METHODS: A descriptive and retrospective study was conducted. Exams were analyzed in lateral and anteroposterior views and reviewed using the frame-by-frame analysis software. The variables analyzed were an indication of the exam, previous diseases, dynamics of the oral and pharyngeal phases, and the degree of penetration/aspiration. RESULTS: A total of 141 exams were analyzed. The study population had a median age of 66.24±17.78 years. For the indication of the exam, the investigation of dysphagia was highlighted (n=87, 61.7%) and for previous conditions, diverticulum (n=13, 9.2%), pharyngeal bar (n=12, 8.51%), and stroke and Parkinson's disease (n=9, 6.4%) were highlighted. In the oral phase, 45 (31.9%) patients had a premature loss, and 108 (76.6%) patients had normal transit time. However, 100 (70.9%) had inadequate ejection. In the pharyngeal phase, 119 (84.4%) had efficient laryngeal displacement and 107 (75.9%) had an adequate opening of the upper esophageal sphincter. The beginning of the pharyngeal phase was classified as inadequate in 131 (92.9%) patients, and 80 (56.74%) had pharyngeal residue. Notably, 100 (70.9%) patients had grade 1 on the penetration/aspiration scale. CONCLUSION: Despite the didactic division of phases, swallowing is complex and has transition stages. Videofluoroscopy is the only method for evaluating all phases of swallowing and its events.

RESUMO - RACIONAL: a disfagia pode levar ao desenvolvimento de pneumonia broncoaspirativa, impactando o estado nutricional e a qualidade de vida do paciente. A videofluoroscopia se destaca por permitir tanto a avaliação em tempo real como o registro das imagens para revisão e análise posterior. OBJETIVO: Descrever as características da população encaminhada para videofluoroscopia e seu valor como método de investigação. MÉTODOS: estudo descritivo e retrospectivo. Exames analisados em visão lateral e ântero-posterior e revisados com software de análise quadro a quadro. Variáveis analisadas: indicação do exame, doença base, dinâmica da fase oral e da fase faríngea e a grau de penetração/aspiração. RESULTADOS: foram analisados 141 exames. A população estudada tinha em média 66,24 ± 17,78 anos. Para indicação do exame, destacou-se: investigação de disfagia (n=87, 61,7%) e para condição prévia: divertículo (n=13, 9,2%), barra faríngea (n=12, 8,51%), acidente vascular e doença de Parkinson (n=9, 6,4%). Na fase oral, 45 pacientes (31,9%) apresentaram escape prematuro. Tempo de trânsito normal foi registrado em 108 (76,6%) pacientes. Porém, 100 pacientes (70,9%) apresentaram ejeção inadequada. Na fase faríngea, 119 (84,4%) apresentaram deslocamento laríngeo eficiente e 107 (75,9%) abertura adequada do esfíncter esofágico superior. O início da fase faríngea foi classificado como inadequado em 131 pacientes (92,9%) e 80 (56.74%) apresentaram resíduo faríngeo. 100 pacientes (70,9%) apresentaram grau 1 na escala de penetração/aspiração CONCLUSÃO: apesar da divisão didática das fases, a deglutição é uma função complexa e possui etapas de transição. A videofluoroscopia é o único método para avaliar todas as fases da deglutição e seus eventos.

ESOPHAGEAL FUNCTIONAL DISORDERS IN THE PRE-OPERATORY EVALUATION OF BARIATRIC SURGERY.

BACKGROUND: Obesity is an independent risk factor for esophageal symptoms, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and motor abnormalities. When contemplating bariatric surgery, patients with obesity type III undergo esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) and also esophageal manometry (EMN), and prolonged pHmetry (PHM) as part of their pre-operative evaluation. OBJECTIVE: Description of endoscopy, manometry and pHmetry findings in patients with obesity type III preparing for bariatric surgery, and correlation of these findings with the presence of typical GERD symptoms. METHODS: Retrospective study in which clinical symptoms of GERD were assessed, focusing on the presence of heartburn and regurgitation. All patients underwent EMN, PHM and most of them EGD. RESULTS: 114 patients (93 females-81%), average age 36 years old, average BMI of 45.3, were studied. Typical GERD symptoms were referred by 43 (38%) patients while 71 (62%) were asymptomatic. Eighty two patients (72% of total) underwent EGD and 36 (42%) evidenced esophageal abnormalities. Among the abnormal findings, hiatal hernia was seen in 36%, erosive esophagitis (EE) in 36%, and HH+EE in 28%. An abnormal EMN was recorded in 51/114 patients (45%). The main abnormality was a hypotensive lower esophageal sphincter (LES) in 32%, followed by ineffective esophageal motility in 25%, nutcracker esophagus in 19%, IEM + hypotensive LES in 10%, intra-thoracic LES (6%), hypertensive LES (4%), aperistalsis (2%) and achalasia (2%). Among the 43 symptomatic patients, 23 (53%) had abnormal EMN and 31/71 asymptomatic cases (44%) also presented this finding (P=0.30). PHM showed abnormal reflux in 60/114 patients (53%), with a predominance of bi-positional reflux (42%), followed by supine reflux (33%) and upright reflux (25%). Abnormal PHM was found in 26/43 symptomatic cases (60%) and also among 34/71 asymptomatic cases (48%) (P=0.19). CONCLUSION: Manometric abnormalities were common in obesity type III patients, the most frequent being hypotensive LES, followed by IEM. Most patients were asymptomatic. There was no correlation between the finding of motor abnormalities and the presence of symptoms. More than half the patients had abnormal reflux at PHM. We found no significant correlation between abnormal reflux and the presence of symptoms.

Distúrbios funcionais esofágicos na avaliação pré-operatória de cirurgia bariátrica / Esophageal functional disorders in the pre-operatory evaluation of bariatric surgery

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Obesity is an independent risk factor for esophageal symptoms, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and motor abnormalities. When contemplating bariatric surgery, patients with obesity type III undergo esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) and also esophageal manometry (EMN), and prolonged pHmetry (PHM) as part of their pre-operative evaluation. OBJECTIVE: Description of endoscopy, manometry and pHmetry findings in patients with obesity type III preparing for bariatric surgery, and correlation of these findings with the presence of typical GERD symptoms. METHODS: Retrospective study in which clinical symptoms of GERD were assessed, focusing on the presence of heartburn and regurgitation. All patients underwent EMN, PHM and most of them EGD. RESULTS: 114 patients (93 females-81%), average age 36 years old, average BMI of 45.3, were studied. Typical GERD symptoms were referred by 43 (38%) patients while 71 (62%) were asymptomatic. Eighty two patients (72% of total) underwent EGD and 36 (42%) evidenced esophageal abnormalities. Among the abnormal findings, hiatal hernia was seen in 36%, erosive esophagitis (EE) in 36%, and HH+EE in 28%. An abnormal EMN was recorded in 51/114 patients (45%). The main abnormality was a hypotensive lower esophageal sphincter (LES) in 32%, followed by ineffective esophageal motility in 25%, nutcracker esophagus in 19%, IEM + hypotensive LES in 10%, intra-thoracic LES (6%), hypertensive LES (4%), aperistalsis (2%) and achalasia (2%). Among the 43 symptomatic patients, 23 (53%) had abnormal EMN and 31/71 asymptomatic cases (44%) also presented this finding (P=0.30). PHM showed abnormal reflux in 60/114 patients (53%), with a predominance of bi-positional reflux (42%), followed by supine reflux (33%) and upright reflux (25%). Abnormal PHM was found in 26/43 symptomatic cases (60%) and also among 34/71 asymptomatic cases (48%) (P=0.19). CONCLUSION: Manometric abnormalities were common in obesity type III patients, the most frequent being hypotensive LES, followed by IEM. Most patients were asymptomatic. There was no correlation between the finding of motor abnormalities and the presence of symptoms. More than half the patients had abnormal reflux at PHM. We found no significant correlation between abnormal reflux and the presence of symptoms.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: A obesidade é fator de risco independente para sintomas esofagianos, doença do refluxo gastroesofágico (DRGE) e alterações motoras. Pacientes com obesidade tipo III, candidatos à cirurgia bariátrica foram submetidos a endoscopia digestiva alta (EDA) e também realizaram esofagomanometria (EMN) e pHmetria prolongada (PHM) como parte da avaliação pré-operatória. OBJETIVO: Em um grupo de pacientes com obesidade tipo III em pré-operatório de cirurgia bariátrica, descrever os achados endoscópicos, manométricos e pHmétricos, correlacionando-os com a presença de sintomas típicos de DRGE. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo, de pacientes com obesidade tipo III, candidatos a cirurgia bariátrica. A avaliação clínica focalizou a presença de sintomas típicos de DRGE (pirose/regurgitação); todos foram submetidos a EMN, PHM e a maior parte à EDA, realizada previamente. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 114 pacientes, 93 (81%) do sexo feminino, média de idade de 36 anos e IMC médio de 45,3. Sintomas típicos de refluxo foram referidos por 43 (38%) pacientes e 71 (62%) eram assintomáticos. EDA foi realizada por 82 (72%) pacientes, havendo anormalidades esofagianas em 36 (42%). Entre os anormais, havia hérnia hiatal (HH) em 36%, esofagite erosiva (EE) em 36% e HH + EE em 28%. A EMN foi anormal em 51/114 (45%). Entre os anormais, predominou o esfíncter esofagiano inferior (EEI) hipotenso em 32%, seguido por motilidade esofagiana ineficaz (MEI) em 25%, esôfago em quebra-nozes (19%), EEI hipotenso + MEI (10%), EEI intra-torácico (6%), EEI hipertenso (4%), aperistalse (2%) e acalasia (2%). Dentre os 43 sintomáticos, 23 (53%) apresentavam EMN anormal, sendo que em 31 dos 71 (44%) assintomáticos a EMN também era anormal (P=0,30). A PHM revelou refluxo anormal em 60 (53%) pacientes. Predominou o refluxo anormal biposicional (42%) seguido do refluxo supino (33%) e refluxo ereto (25%). Dentre os 43 pacientes sintomáticos, 26 (60%) apresentavam PHM anormal, sendo que em 34 dos 71 assintomáticos a PHM também era anormal (48%) - P=0,19. CONCLUSÃO: Alterações manométricas foram comuns em obesidade tipo III, sendo as mais frequentes o EEI hipotenso, seguida de motilidade ineficaz. A maioria dos pacientes era assintomática. Mais da metade dos pacientes apresentou refluxo anormal à PHM. Não houve diferença significativa entre o achado de refluxo anormal e a presença de sintomas. Não houve relação entre o achado de alterações motoras e a presença de sintomas.

Valores normais da manometria de alta resolução de esôfago: estudo multicêntrico brasileiro / Normal values of esophageal high-resolution manometry: a brazilian multicenter study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The high-resolution manometry has been a significant advance in esophageal diagnostics. There are different types of catheter and systems devices to capture esophageal pressures that generate variable data related to Chicago Classification (CC) and consequently influence normal values results. There are not normative data for the 24-channel water-perfused high-resolution manometry system most used in Brazil with healthy volunteers in supine posture. OBJECTIVE: To determine manometric esophageal normative values for a 24-channel water-perfused high-resolution manometry catheter in supine posture using healthy volunteers according to CC 3.0 parameters. METHODS: A total of 92 volunteers with no gastrointestinal symptoms or medications affecting GI motility underwent esophageal high-resolution manometry by standard protocol. Age, gender and manometry parameters analyzed using Alacer software were collected. The median, range, and 5th and 95th percentiles (where applicable) were obtained for all high-resolution manometry metrics. Normal value percentiles were defined as 95th integrated relaxation pressure, 5th-100th distal contractile integral, and 5th distal latency. RESULTS: The mean age was 40.5±13.2 years. Our normative metrics were integrated relaxation pressure <16 mmHg and distal contractile integral (708-4111 mmHg.cm.s) distal latency was <6 s and peristaltic break size (>4 cm). For EGJ-CI the range 5th-95th was 21.7-86.9 mmHg.cm.s. CONCLUSION: This is the first report of normative data for the 24-channel water-perfused system in supine posture. It revealed higher integrated relaxation pressure and distal latency duration which suggest the need to change CC 3.0 cutoffs for this system. It is observed that there is a tendency that DCI >7000 mmHg.cm.s may represent the lower limit of hypercontractility, and when <700 mmHg.cm.s (<5% percentile) interpreted as ineffective esophageal motility or failcontraction. Also compared to Chicago 3.0, higher integrated relaxation pressure and duration of distal latency were found. We emphasize that these data must be confirmed by future studies.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: A manometria de alta resolução tem sido um avanço significativo nos diagnósticos esofágicos. Existem diferentes tipos de cateteres e sistemas dispositivos para capturar pressões esofágicas que geram dados variáveis relacionados à Classificação de Chicago (CC) e, consequentemente, podem influenciar os resultados de valores da normalidade. Não há dados normativos com voluntários saudáveis na postura supina, para o sistema manométrico sob perfusão em água de 24 canais, o mais utilizado no Brasil. OBJETIVO: Determinar os valores normativos manométricos do esôfago para um cateter sob perfusão de alta resolução de 24 canais na postura supina utilizando-se voluntários saudáveis assintomáticos de acordo com os parâmetros CC. MÉTODOS: Um total de 92 voluntários sem sintomas gastrointestinais ou medicamentos que afetassem a motilidade gastrointestinal foram submetidos à manometria de alta resolução do esôfago por protocolo padrão (Sistema Alacer Multiplex). Foram coletados parâmetros de idade, sexo e os da manometria analisados pelo software Alacer versão 6.2. A mediana, os limites, e 5% e 95% percentis (quando aplicável) foram obtidos para todas as métricas de alta resolução. Os valores normais foram definidos como percentis de 95% da integral da pressão de relaxamento (IRP), 5%-100% da integral contrátil distal (DCI), e 5% latência distal. RESULTADOS: A média de idade foi de 40,5±13,2 anos. As métricas normativas foram definidas como IRP <16 mmHg) e DCI (708-4111 mmHg.cm.s). Para a latência distal foi de 5,8-9,9 s (faixa: 5,3-10,7s). O comprimento total de quebra na contração esofágica foi de 4,0 cm (faixa: 0,1-6,8 cm). Para a EGJ-CI a faixa 5%-95% percentis foi de 21,7-86,9 mmHg.cm.s. CONCLUSÃO: Este é o primeiro relatório de dados normativos para o sistema de 24 canais perfundido por água na postura supina. A partir dos dados encontrados observa-se a possibilidade de alterar os cortes CC 3.0 para este sistema. Observa-se que há uma tendência que DCI >7000 mmHg.cm.s possa representar o limite inferior da hipercontratilidade e quando <700 mmHg.cm.s (<5% percentil) interpretada como motilidade esofágica ineficaz ou contração falha. Também em comparação com Chicago 3.0, foi encontrada maior pressão de relaxamento integrado e duração da latência distal. Ressaltamos que esses dados devem ser confirmados por estudos futuros.

NORMAL VALUES OF ESOPHAGEAL HIGH-RESOLUTION MANOMETRY: A BRAZILIAN MULTICENTER STUDY.

BACKGROUND: The high-resolution manometry has been a significant advance in esophageal diagnostics. There are different types of catheter and systems devices to capture esophageal pressures that generate variable data related to Chicago Classification (CC) and consequently influence normal values results. There are not normative data for the 24-channel water-perfused high-resolution manometry system most used in Brazil with healthy volunteers in supine posture. OBJECTIVE: To determine manometric esophageal normative values for a 24-channel water-perfused high-resolution manometry catheter in supine posture using healthy volunteers according to CC 3.0 parameters. METHODS: A total of 92 volunteers with no gastrointestinal symptoms or medications affecting GI motility underwent esophageal high-resolution manometry by standard protocol. Age, gender and manometry parameters analyzed using Alacer software were collected. The median, range, and 5th and 95th percentiles (where applicable) were obtained for all high-resolution manometry metrics. Normal value percentiles were defined as 95th integrated relaxation pressure, 5th-100th distal contractile integral, and 5th distal latency. RESULTS: The mean age was 40.5±13.2 years. Our normative metrics were integrated relaxation pressure <16 mmHg and distal contractile integral (708-4111 mmHg.cm.s) distal latency was <6 s and peristaltic break size (>4 cm). For EGJ-CI the range 5th-95th was 21.7-86.9 mmHg.cm.s. CONCLUSION: This is the first report of normative data for the 24-channel water-perfused system in supine posture. It revealed higher integrated relaxation pressure and distal latency duration which suggest the need to change CC 3.0 cutoffs for this system. It is observed that there is a tendency that DCI >7000 mmHg.cm.s may represent the lower limit of hypercontractility, and when <700 mmHg.cm.s (<5% percentile) interpreted as ineffective esophageal motility or failcontraction. Also compared to Chicago 3.0, higher integrated relaxation pressure and duration of distal latency were found. We emphasize that these data must be confirmed by future studies.

Manifestações extraesofágicas da DRGE / Extraesophageal manifestations of GERD

A doença do refluxo gastroesofágico é decorrente do fluxo retrógrado de secreção cloridropéptica para o esôfago e órgãos adjacentes, causando um espectro variável de lesões e sintomas. Sua incidência vem aumentando nos últimos anos e sua prevalência estimada na população brasileira é de cerca de 12%. A DRGE tem como manifestações típicas a pirose e a regurgitação, podendo se apresentar com queixas extraesofágicas tais como asma, tosse crônica, dor torácica não cardíaca e sintomas otorrinolaringológicos.

Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease is caused by the retrograde flow of gastric acid-peptic secretion into the esophagus and adjacent organs, causing a variable spectrum of lesions and symptoms. Its incidence has been increasing in recent years and its estimated prevalence in the Brazilian population is about 12%. Typical manifestations of GERD are heartburn and regurgitation, but the disease may present with extraesophageal complaints such as asthma, chronic cough, non-cardiac chest pain and ENT symptoms.

Eosinophilic esophagitis: manometric and pHmetric findings.

CONTEXT: Eosinophilic esophagitis is an entity characterized by an esophageal inflammatory infiltrate of eosinophils, manifested by dysphagia, intermittent food impactions and symptoms similar to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), that predominantly affects young adults. There may be association of eosinophilic esophagitis with GERD, and motor abnormalities have been described. OBJECTIVE: The main objectives of this study are to describe the findings at esophageal manometry and pH monitoring in patients with eosinophilic esophagitis. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of 20 patients with a diagnosis of eosinophilic esophagitis, submitted to esophageal manometry and 24h pH monitoring. Were analysed the manometric changes and the presence of abnormal reflux on pH monitoring. RESULTS: Twenty patients (15 men, 5 women) had a mean age of 29 years. Motility disorders were found in 25% (5/20) patients with ineffective esophageal motility being the most common finding. pH monitoring revealed abnormal reflux on 25%, without any relationship with manometric findings. CONCLUSIONS: Manometric abnormalities were observed in 25% of patients and abnormal reflux on pH monitoring also in 25%. This study showed no relationship between abnormal reflux and the presence of manometric changes.

Eosinophilic esophagitis: manometric and pHmetric findings / Esofagite eosinofílica: achados manométricos e pHmétricos

CONTEXT: Eosinophilic esophagitis is an entity characterized by an esophageal inflammatory infiltrate of eosinophils, manifested by dysphagia, intermittent food impactions and symptoms similar to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), that predominantly affects young adults. There may be association of eosinophilic esophagitis with GERD, and motor abnormalities have been described. OBJECTIVE: The main objectives of this study are to describe the findings at esophageal manometry and pH monitoring in patients with eosinophilic esophagitis. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of 20 patients with a diagnosis of eosinophilic esophagitis, submitted to esophageal manometry and 24h pH monitoring. Were analysed the manometric changes and the presence of abnormal reflux on pH monitoring. RESULTS: Twenty patients (15 men, 5 women) had a mean age of 29 years. Motility disorders were found in 25% (5/20) patients with ineffective esophageal motility being the most common finding. pH monitoring revealed abnormal reflux on 25%, without any relationship with manometric findings. CONCLUSIONS: Manometric abnormalities were observed in 25% of patients and abnormal reflux on pH monitoring also in 25%. This study showed no relationship between abnormal reflux and the presence of manometric changes.

CONTEXTO: A esofagite eosinofílica é uma doença inflamatória crônica, caracterizada por infiltrado eosinofílico no esôfago e se manifesta por disfagia, impactações alimentares e sintomas similares aos da doença do refluxo gastroesofágico (DRGE), com maior incidência em adultos jovens. Pode haver associação da esofagite eosinofílica com a DRGE, e anormalidades motoras têm sido descritas. OBJETIVO: Os principais objetivos deste estudo são descrever as alterações manométricas e a presença de refluxo anormal à pHmetria esofágica em pacientes com esofagite eosinofílica. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal de 20 pacientes com diagnóstico de esofagite eosinofílica, submetidos a esofagomanometria e pHmetria esofagiana de 24 h. Foram analisadas as alterações manométricas e a presença de refluxo anormal à pHmetria. RESULTADOS: Vinte pacientes (15 homens, 5 mulheres) com média de idade de 29 anos. Distúrbios da motilidade esofagiana foram encontrados em 25% dos pacientes, com predomínio da motilidade esofagiana ineficaz. A pHmetria revelou refluxo anormal também em 25%, sem relação entre os achados manométricos e pHmétricos. CONCLUSÕES: Anormalidades manométricas foram encontradas em 25% dos pacientes e refluxo anormal à pHmetria também em 25%. Neste estudo, não houve relação entre refluxo anormal e a presença de alterações à esofagomanometria.

Esophageal manometry findings and degree of acid exposure in short and long Barrett's esophagus.

CONTEXT: Barrett's esophagus (BE) is characterized by intestinal metaplasia in the distal esophagus and is classified as short-segment (<3 cm - SSBE) or long-segment (>3 cm - LSSBE). It is suggested that LSSBE is associated with more severe esophageal motor abnormalities and increased acid exposure time than SSBE. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of esophageal manometriy abnormalities and acid exposure times in patients with SSBE and LSSBE. METHODS: Barrett's esophagus patients identified by upper endoscopy and confirmed by histopathology were, retrospectively, reviewed and divided into two groups: SSBE and LSBE. Demographic data, symptom duration, prevalence of hiatal hernia, lower esophagus sphincter basal pressure, prevalence of esophageal body abnormalities and acid exposure times were evaluated. RESULTS: Forty-six patients with SSBE (24 males - 52.2%, mean age of 55.2 years) and 28 patients with LSBE (18 males - 64.3%, mean age of 50.5 years). Mean symptom duration was 9.9 years for SSBE and 12.9 years for LSSBE. Hiatal hernia was present in 84.2% of SSBE, 96.3% of LSBE; average lower esophagus sphincter pressure in SSBE 9.15 mm Hg, in LSBE 6.99 mm Hg; lower esophagus sphincter hypotension in SSBE was 65.9%, in LSSBE 82.1%; aperistalsis in SSBE 6.5%, LSSBE 3.6%; mild/moderate ineffective esophageal motility in SSBE 34.8%, LSBE 46.4%; severe moderate ineffective esophageal motility in SSBE 10.9%, LSBE 7,1%; nutcracker esophagus/segmental nutcracker esophagus in SSBE 8.6%, LSBE 0%; normal body in SSBE 39.1%, in LSBE 42.9%, no statistical difference for any of these values (P<0.05). Average % total time pH<4 in SSBE 9.12, LSBE 17.27 (P<0.000); % time pH<4 upright in SSBE 11.91; LSBE 24.29 (P=0.003); % time pH<4 supine in SSBE 10.86, LSBE 33.26 (P = 0.000). CONCLUSION: There was no difference between the prevalence of motor disorders in patients with SSBE and LSSBE. Acid reflux in upright and supine positions was more intense in LSBE.

Esophageal manometry findings and degree of acid exposure in short and long Barrett's esophagus / Alterações manométricas e intensidade do refluxo no esôfago de Barrett curto e longo

CONTEXT: Barrett's esophagus (BE) is characterized by intestinal metaplasia in the distal esophagus and is classified as short-segment (<3 cm - SSBE) or long-segment (>3 cm - LSSBE). It is suggested that LSSBE is associated with more severe esophageal motor abnormalities and increased acid exposure time than SSBE. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of esophageal manometriy abnormalities and acid exposure times in patients with SSBE and LSSBE. METHODS: Barrett's esophagus patients identified by upper endoscopy and confirmed by histopathology were, retrospectively, reviewed and divided into two groups: SSBE and LSBE. Demographic data, symptom duration, prevalence of hiatal hernia, lower esophagus sphincter basal pressure, prevalence of esophageal body abnormalities and acid exposure times were evaluated. RESULTS: Forty-six patients with SSBE (24 males - 52.2%, mean age of 55.2 years) and 28 patients with LSBE (18 males - 64.3%, mean age of 50.5 years). Mean symptom duration was 9.9 years for SSBE and 12.9 years for LSSBE. Hiatal hernia was present in 84.2% of SSBE, 96.3% of LSBE; average lower esophagus sphincter pressure in SSBE 9.15 mm Hg, in LSBE 6.99 mm Hg; lower esophagus sphincter hypotension in SSBE was 65.9%, in LSSBE 82.1%; aperistalsis in SSBE 6.5%, LSSBE 3.6%; mild/moderate ineffective esophageal motility in SSBE 34.8%, LSBE 46.4%; severe moderate ineffective esophageal motility in SSBE 10.9%, LSBE 7,1%; nutcracker esophagus/segmental nutcracker esophagus in SSBE 8.6%, LSBE 0%; normal body in SSBE 39.1%, in LSBE 42.9%, no statistical difference for any of these values (P<0.05). Average % total time pH<4 in SSBE 9.12, LSBE 17.27 (P<0.000); % time pH<4 upright in SSBE 11.91; LSBE 24.29 (P=0.003); % time pH<4 supine in SSBE 10.86, LSBE 33.26 (P = 0.000). CONCLUSION: There was no difference between the prevalence of motor disorders in patients with SSBE and LSSBE. Acid reflux in upright and supine positions was more intense in LSBE.

CONTEXTO: O esôfago de Barrett (EB) se caracteriza pela presença de metaplasia intestinal no esôfago distal, quando menor que 3 cm é chamado Barrett curto (EBC) e com 3 cm ou mais Barrett longo (EBL). Sugere-se que o EBL cursa com mais alterações motoras esofagianas e com refluxo mais intenso que o EBC. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a prevalência de alterações manométricas e a intensidade do refluxo gastroesofágico à pHmetria em pacientes com EBC e EBL. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo de pacientes com endoscopia digestiva alta e comprovação histopatológica de EB, divididos em dois grupos: EBC e EBL. Foram avaliados os dados demográficos, o tempo de doença, prevalência de hérnia hiatal, dados obtidos à esofagomanometria e pHmetria. RESULTADOS: EBC 46 pacientes (24 masculino 52,2% e média de idade de 55,22 anos), EBL 28 pacientes (18 masculino 64,3% e média de idade 50,5 anos); tempo de sintomas: EBC 9,88 anos e EBL 12,94 anos; hérnia de hiato: EBC 84,2%, EBL 96,3%; pressão média do esfíncter inferior do esôfago: EBC 9,15 mm Hg, EBL 6,99 mm Hg; hipotensão do esfíncter inferior do esôfago: EBC 65,9%, EBL 82,1%; motilidade esofagiana ineficaz (MEI) leve/moderado: EBC 34,8%, EBL 46,4%; MEI acentuado: EBC 5 10,9%, EBL 7,1%; aperistalse: 6,5%, EBL 3,6%; esôfago em quebra-nozes: EBC 8,6%, EBL 0%; corpo normal: EBC 39,1%, EBL 42,9%, sem diferença estatística para qualquer desses valores (P<0,05). Médias de pHmetria: % de tempo total com pH <4: EBC (29/46) 9,12% EBL (15/28) 27,27% P<0,000; % de tempo ereto com pH<4: EBC 11,91%, EBL 24,29% P = 0,003; % de tempo supino com pH <4: EBC 10,86% EBL 33,26% P = 0,000. CONCLUSÕES: Não houve diferença entre a prevalência das alterações motoras em pacientes com EBC e EBL. O refluxo ácido, tanto em posição ereta como em posição supina, foi mais intenso no EBL.

Impedâncio-pHmetria prolongada: observações preliminares / Extended impedance-pHmetry: preliminary observation

Racional: a Doença do Refluxo Gastroesofágico (DRGE) é uma doença de alta prevalência em todo o mundo, apresentando elevada taxa de morbidade. O diagnóstico da DRGE tem evoluído muito nos últimos anos e a pHmetria esofagiana prolongada atualmente é considerada o padrão-ouro para este diagnóstico. Entretanto, este método é limitado, uma vez que avalia apenas a presença do refluxo ácido, não detectando o refluxo de outros tipos. Com a ampla utilização das drogas antissecretoras, surgiu um grupo diferente de pacientes, aqueles que persistem com sintomas típicos e/ou atípicos da DRGE, apesar do tratamento adequado. Em tais casos, questiona-se a importância de outros fatores na gênese dos sintomas, como o refluxo não-ácido ou fracamente ácido. Nos últimos anos, a impedâncio-pHmetria 24h (IMP-PH) foi introduzida para diagnosticar estes casos. Entretanto, a real contribuição do método ainda é muito controversa, uma vez que os resultados dos estudos realizados são conflitantes e o número de pacientes incluídos nestes estudos pequenos. Objetivo: avaliar a experiência prévia da Unidade de Esôfago, Serviço de Gastroenterologia, da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, no uso da IMP-PH. Métodos: Este é um estudo de corte, transversal, que avaliou pacientes encaminhados à Unidade de Esôfago, da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro para serem submetidos á IMP-PH. Todos os pacientes estudados persistiam com sintomas da DRGE (típicos ou atípicos) e já haviam sido submetidos previamente à endoscopia digestiva alta, esofagomanometria (EMN) e à pHmetria esofagiana de 24h, sem esclarecimento da causa dos seus sintomas. Um gravador portátil foi empregado (Sleuth 200-0145, Sandhill Scientific), com um cateter de 2,1 milímetros de diâmetro, um sensor de pH e seis pares de eletrodos de impedância. Com o paciente em jejum, a sonda foi introduzida através de uma das narinas e o sensor de pH posicionado 5 cm acima do esfíncter esofagiano inferior (EEI) previamente determinado pela EMN. As medidas de impedância foram feitas 3, 5, 7, 9, 15 e 17 centímetros acima do EEI. Os pacientes foram instruídos a não restringir suas atividades, para excluir alimentos ácidos e bebidas carbonatadas, e a anotar as horas de decúbito, a ingestão de alimentos e os sintomas. Eles também foram instruídos a pressionar botões específicos, se eles apresentassem sintomas como dor torácica, tosse e/ou azia. Após 22-24h, o paciente retornava ao laboratório, o equipamento era retirado e, em seguida, o exame processado pelo software Bioview. Além disso, era informado o uso (IBP em dose dupla) ou não de medicação antissecretora. No caso de um exame feito sem medicação, os inibidores da bomba de prótons (IBP) foram interrompidos 7-10 dias antes do exame. Com relação à impedância, considerou-se inicio do episódio de refluxo quando havia uma queda retrógrada na impedância de pelo menos 50% em relação ao seu valor basal e término do refluxo quando este valor voltava ao seu nível basal anterior. Na ausência de drogas antissecretoras, considerou-se refluxo anormal quando o número de episódios de refluxo registrados pela impedância foi superior a 73 e para o monitoramento do pH quando a percentagem de tempo total pH <4 foi acima de 4,5%. Naqueles pacientes em uso de IBP em dose dupla, considerou-se refluxo anormal quando o número de episódios de refluxo foi superior a 48 e o percentual de tempo total de pH < 4 foi superior a 1,6%. Para avaliar a relação refluxo / sintoma, empregou-se o Índice de Sintomas (IS), sendo considerado positivo quando igual ou superior a 50%. Resultados: Foram incluídos 30 pacientes, 14 homens (47%) e 16 mulheres (53%), com média de idade de 56 anos (36-79). Tosse crônica foi a principal queixa - 14 pacientes (47%) - seguidos de azia apesar do uso do IBP em oito (27%), dor torácica em 5 (17%) regurgitação em 1 (3%), rouquidão em 1 (3%) e soluços em 1 (3%). Dos 30 pacientes estudados, o teste foi realizado em uso do IBP em 17 e sem IBP em 13. A IMP-PH mostrou que 15 pacientes (50%) apresentavam refluxo anormal, sendo anormal ácido em 7 (23%) e anormal não-ácido em 8 (27%). Dos 15 pacientes em que o teste foi anormal, 7 (47%) apresentaram refluxo anormal ácido, e destes apenas um (14%) apresentou IS positivo, 4 (57%) apresentaram IS negativo e 2 (29%) não apresentaram sintomas. Nos 8 pacientes (53%) com refluxo anormal não-ácido, 4 (50%) apresentaram IS positivo, 3 (38%) apresentaram IS negativo (12%) e 1 (12%) foi assintomático. Conclusão: a IMP-PH é um novo método capaz de avaliar o refluxo anormal de qualquer natureza química e sua relação com sintomas típicos e atípicos da DRGE, especialmente nos pacientes em uso do IBP. Além disso, permite avaliar os pacientes onde a pH 24h apresenta limitações (refluxo não-ácido), representando o progresso para o diagnóstico da DRGE. Entretanto, o significado real do refluxo não-ácido, ainda está por ser determinado.

Background: the gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a highly prevalent disease worldwide, with high morbidity. The diagnosis of GERD has evolved greatly in recent years and esophageal pHmetry 24h (pH24H) is currently considered the gold standard for diagnosis. However, this method is limited, since evaluates only acid reflux, not detect another types of reflux. With the widespread use of anti-secretory drugs, came a different group of patients, those who persist with typical or atypical GERD symptoms, despite adequate treatment. In such cases, arise the importance of other factors in the genesis of symptoms as non-acid or weakly acid reflux. In recent years, the impedance-pHmetry 24h (IMP-PH) was introduced to diagnose these cases. However, the real contribution of the method is controversial, since the results of the studies are conflicting and the number of patients enrolled in these studies small. Objective: assess previous experience of Esophagus Unit, Gastroenterology Service, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, using IMP-PH. Method: This is a cross-sectional study, that evaluated patients referred to the Esophagus Unit of Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, to be submitted to IMP-PH. All patients had GERD persisting symptoms (typical or atypical) and had previously undergone upper endoscopy, esophageal manometry (EMN) and pH24h, without clarification of the cause of your symptoms. A portable recorder was used (200-0145 Sleuth, Sandhill Scientific), with a catheter of 2.1 mm in diameter, a pH sensor and six pairs of impedance electrodes. With the fasting patient, the probe was introduced through one nostril and the pH sensor positioned 5 cm above the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) previously determined by EMN. The impedance measurements were made 3,5,7,9,15 and 17 cm above the LES. Patients were instructed not to restrict their activities, exclude acidic foods and carbonated beverages, and record the hours of recumbency, food intake and symptoms. They were also instructed to press specific buttons, if they had symptoms such as chest pain, cough and or heartburn. After 22-24h, the patient returned to the laboratory, recorder was removed and then processed by the software Bioview. Furthermore, was reported use (IBP double dose) or absence of antisecretory drugs. In the case of a test done without medication, proton pump inhibitors (PPI) were stopped 7-10 days before the test. With respect to impedance, it is considered the start of reflux episode when there was a retrograde fall in impedance at least 50% compared to baseline level and end of reflux when the value returned to previous baseline level. In the absence of anti-secretory drugs, it was considered abnormal reflux when the number of reflux episodes recorded by impedance was greater than 73 and pH monitoring when the percentage of total time pH <4 was above 4.5%. In those patients using double-dose PPI, abnormal reflux was considered when the number of reflux episodes was greater than 48 and the percentage of total time pH <4 was greater than 1.6%. To evaluate the relationship reflux / symptom, we used the Symptom Index (IS), was considered positive when above 50%. Results: We included 30 patients, 14 men (47%) and 16 women (53%), mean age 56 years (36-79). Chronic cough was the main complaint - 14 patients (47%) - followed by heartburn despite the use of PPI in eight (27%), chest pain in 5 (17%) regurgitation in 1 (3%), hoarseness in 1 (3 %) and hiccups 1 (3%). Of the 30 patients tested, the test was performed using PPI in 17 and without PPI in 13. The IMP-PH showed abnormal reflux in 15 patients (50%), these 7 (23%) was abnormal acid and 8 (27%) abnormal non-acid. Of the 15 patients in whom the test was abnormal, 7 (47%) had abnormal acid reflux, and of these only one (14%) presented positive IS, 4 (57%) negative IS and 2 (29%) were asymptomatic. In 8 patients (53%) with abnormal reflux non-acid, 4 (50%) were positive IS, 3 (38%) negative IS (12%) and 1 (12%) was asymptomatic. Conclusion: the IMP-PH is a new method to evaluate the abnormal reflux of any chemical nature and its relationship with typical or atypical GERD symptoms, especially in patients using PPI. In addition, evaluate patients where pH24h has limitations (non-acid reflux), representing progress in the diagnosis of GERD. However, the real meaning of non-acid reflux, is yet to be determined.

Achalasia in the elderly patient: a comparative study.

CONTEXT: Achalasia is a primary esophageal motor disorder secondary to the degeneration of ganglion cells of the inhibitory intramural myenteric plexus. It affects both sexes similarly and has two peaks of incidence, one in the 3rd to 4th decades of life and the other after 60 years of age. The effect of age on esophageal motility of patients with achalasia is not well known. Studies have shown that healthy older people, when compared to the young, have: a) a lower number of ganglion cells in the intramural myenteric plexus; b) a reduced normal relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter; and c) a reduced esophageal peristalsis. Thus, as both age and achalasia can produce comparable degenerative changes in the intramural myenteric plexus, it is possible that advanced age could be an important factor in enhancing the clinical and manometric abnormalities commonly found in patients with achalasia. OBJECTIVES: To compare the clinical, radiological and manometric findings in young as compared to elderly (>60 years old) achalasia patients. METHODS: A retrospective study of a group of patients with untreated achalasia separated into young and elderly patients. Demographic, clinical, serology for Chagas' disease, radiological and manometric data were compared between these groups. The level of significance was P<0.05. RESULTS: The study included 105 patients, 52 young (25 M/27 F, mean age 40 years old) and 53 elderly (21 M/32 F, mean age 70 years old). The elderly group had a higher prevalence of Chagas' disease (P = 0.004) and a lower pressure of the lower esophageal sphincter [26.4 mm Hg vs 31.9 mm Hg] P = 0.001, a difference that persisted when analyzed only elderly and young patients with idiopathic achalasia. Younger patients had a higher prevalence of heartburn (P = 0.001) and chest pain (P = 0.012) than the elderly. CONCLUSION: Elderly patients with achalasia had a lower esophageal sphincter pressure than the young, even when we excluded patients with Chagas' disease but, as a group, they were less symptomatic.

Achalasia in the elderly patient: a comparative study / Acalásia no idoso: um estudo comparativo

CONTEXT: Achalasia is a primary esophageal motor disorder secondary to the degeneration of ganglion cells of the inhibitory intramural myenteric plexus. It affects both sexes similarly and has two peaks of incidence, one in the 3rd to 4th decades of life and the other after 60 years of age. The effect of age on esophageal motility of patients with achalasia is not well known. Studies have shown that healthy older people, when compared to the young, have: a) a lower number of ganglion cells in the intramural myenteric plexus; b) a reduced normal relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter; and c) a reduced esophageal peristalsis. Thus, as both age and achalasia can produce comparable degenerative changes in the intramural myenteric plexus, it is possible that advanced age could be an important factor in enhancing the clinical and manometric abnormalities commonly found in patients with achalasia. OBJECTIVES: To compare the clinical, radiological and manometric findings in young as compared to elderly (>60 years old) achalasia patients. METHODS: A retrospective study of a group of patients with untreated achalasia separated into young and elderly patients. Demographic, clinical, serology for Chagas' disease, radiological and manometric data were compared between these groups. The level of significance was P<0.05. RESULTS: The study included 105 patients, 52 young (25 M/27 F, mean age 40 years old) and 53 elderly (21 M/32 F, mean age 70 years old). The elderly group had a higher prevalence of Chagas' disease (P = 0.004) and a lower pressure of the lower esophageal sphincter [26.4 mm Hg vs 31.9 mm Hg] P = 0.001, a difference that persisted when analyzed only elderly and young patients with idiopathic achalasia. Younger patients had a higher prevalence of heartburn (P = 0.001) and chest pain (P = 0.012) than the elderly. CONCLUSION: Elderly patients with achalasia had a lower esophageal sphincter pressure than the young, even when we excluded patients with Chagas' disease but, as a group, they were less symptomatic.

CONTEXTO: Acalásia é um distúrbio motor primário do esôfago, secundário à degeneração das células ganglionares do plexo mioentérico inibitório intramural. Afeta ambos os sexos da mesma forma e tem dois picos de incidência: um na 3ª e 4ª décadas de vida e outro após os 60 anos de idade. O efeito da idade na motilidade esofagiana em pacientes com acalásia não é bem conhecido. Estudos têm demonstrado que os idosos saudáveis quando comparados aos jovens apresentam: a) menor número de células ganglionares no plexo mioentérico intramural, b) redução no número de relaxamentos normais do esfíncter esofagiano inferior, e c) redução do peristaltismo esofagiano. Assim, se tanto a idade quanto a acalásia podem acarretar alterações degenerativas do plexo mioentérico intramural, é possível que a idade avançada possa ser fator importante no aumento das anormalidades clínicas e manométricas, comumente encontradas nos pacientes com acalásia. OBJETIVOS: Comparar os achados clínicos, radiológicos e manométricos dos pacientes jovens com acalásia (<60 anos), em relação aos pacientes idosos (>60 anos). MÉTODOS: Foi realizado estudo retrospectivo de um grupo de pacientes com acalásia não tratada, separando-os em pacientes jovens e idosos. Dados demográficos, clínicos, de sorologia para doença de Chagas, radiológicos e manométricos foram comparados entre os dois grupos. O nível de significância considerado foi P<0.05. RESULTADOS: O estudo incluiu 105 pacientes, 52 jovens (25 H/27 M, média de idade de 40 anos) e 53 idosos (21 H, 32 M, média de idade de 70 anos). O grupo idoso apresentou elevada prevalência de doença de Chagas (P = 0.004) e menor pressão do esfíncter esofagiano inferior [26,4 mm Hg x 31,9 mm Hg) P = 0.001, diferença esta que persistiu mesmo quando se analisou apenas os pacientes idosos e jovens com acalásia idiopática. Os pacientes jovens apresentaram elevada prevalência de pirose (P = 0.001) e dor torácica (P = 0.012), quando comparados aos idosos. CONCLUSÃO: Os pacientes idosos com acalásia apresentaram pressão do esfíncter esofagiano inferior mais baixa do que os jovens, mesmo quando excluídos com acalásia chagásica, entretanto como grupo eles foram menos sintomáticos.

Prevalência de queixas dispépticas em pacientes com doenças do refluxo erosiva e não-erosiva / Prevalence of dyspeptic complaints in patients with erosive and non-erosive reflux diseases

Racional- A doença do refluxo gastroesofágico apresenta grande variedade de manifestações clínicas, sendo que muitos pacientes referem queixas dispépticas. Objetivo- avaliar a prevalência de queixas dispépticasem pacientes com a doença do refluxo erosiva e doença do refluxo não-erosiva. Pacientes e métodos- foram revistas as fichas de exame de pacientes submetidos à esofagomanometria e pHmetria prolongada na investigação de doença do refluxo gastroesofágico (pirose como queixa principal), sendo selecionadas as que continham informações a respeito de queixas dispépticas. Todos haviam realizado previamente endoscopiadigestiva alta. Foram selecionados pacientes com doença do refluxo erosiva (esofagite pela classifi cação de Savary-Miller), e com doença do refluxo não-erosiva (sem esofagite e com pHmetria prolongada anormal). Resultados- duzentos e cinquenta e três pacientes preencheram os critérios de inclusão, sendo 145 com doença do refluxo erosiva e 108 com doença do refluxo não-erosiva. Queixas dispépticas estavam presentes em 93 (64%) dos pacientes com doença do refluxo erosiva e em 86 (79,6%) dos pacientes com doença do refluxo não-erosiva. Conclusão- a prevalência das queixas dispépticas foi elevada nos dois grupos de pacientes, sendo maior no grupo de doença do refluxo não-erosiva (p= 0,007).

Rationale- gastroesophageal reflux disease presents a significant number of clinical symptoms, and many patients refer to dyspeptic complaints. Objective- assess the prevalence of dyspeptic complaints in patients with erosive and non-erosive reflux disease. Patients and methods- The exam charts of patients submitted to esophageal manometry and prolongedesophageal pH test in gastroesophageal reflux disease investigations (pyrosis as main complaint) were revised and those containing information on dyspeptic complaints selected. All patients had previously had upper digestive endoscopy. Patients with erosive reflux disease (esophagitisaccording to Savary-Miller classification) and with non-erosive reflux disease (without esophagitis and with abnormal prolonged esophageal pH test) were selected. Results- two hundred and fifty three patientsmet the inclusion criteria, out of whom 145 had erosive reflux disease and 108 with non-erosive reflux disease. Dyspeptic complaints were mentioned by 93 (64%) patients with erosive reflux disease and 86 (79.6%) of patients with non-erosive reflux disease. Conclusion- the prevalence of dyspeptic complaints was high in the two groups of patients, but higher in the NERD group, in which a significant difference was found (p= 0.007).

Coordination of respiration and swallowing: functional pattern and relevance of vocal folds closure.

CONTEXT: Breathing and swallowing coordination, despite the expressive number of study, remain as theme deserving further research. OBJECTIVE: To identify a coordination pattern between swallowing and the natural breathing pause that occur in association with it (swallowing apnea) and also the relevance of the vocal folds closure in this process. METHODS: Sixty-six adults, male and female, including normal health people, post-laryngectomy individuals and patients with digestive complaints without dysphagia were analyzed. The respiratory air flux interruptions produced by wet requested swallows and dry, requested and spontaneous swallows, were registered using thermo and piezoelectric receptors coupled to synectics medical manometry equipment, using Polygram upper 4.21 software. The results were analyzed with the Chi-square (3x2) and (2x2) nonparametric independency test with P = 0.05. RESULTS: Swallowing apnea is a preventive breathing stop that start just before and stay present during all deglutition pharyngeal phase. It is a well coordinated phenomena that occur as pattern in association with low elastic resistance of the lung, on the expiratory final phase until inspiration initial phase. This breathing stoppage it is usually followed by a short expiration preceding a new breathing cycle. The swallow apnea and vocal folds closure are both independent mechanisms. CONCLUSION: It is possible to suppose that in the subconscious condition, swallowing apnea is integrated under coordination of the same control mechanism that also involves the elastic resistance of the lung.

Coordination of respiration and swallowing: functional pattern and relevance of vocal folds closure

CONTEXT: Breathing and swallowing coordination, despite the expressive number of study, remain as theme deserving further research. OBJECTIVE: To identify a coordination pattern between swallowing and the natural breathing pause that occur in association with it (swallowing apnea) and also the relevance of the vocal folds closure in this process. METHODS: Sixty-six adults, male and female, including normal health people, post-laryngectomy individuals and patients with digestive complaints without dysphagia were analyzed. The respiratory air flux interruptions produced by wet requested swallows and dry, requested and spontaneous swallows, were registered using thermo and piezoelectric receptors coupled to synectics medical manometry equipment, using Polygram upper 4.21 software. The results were analyzed with the Chi-square (3×2) and (2×2) nonparametric independency test with P = 0.05. RESULTS: Swallowing apnea is a preventive breathing stop that start just before and stay present during all deglutition pharyngeal phase. It is a well coordinated phenomena that occur as pattern in association with low elastic resistance of the lung, on the expiratory final phase until inspiration initial phase. This breathing stoppage it is usually followed by a short expiraton preceding a new breathing cycle. The swallow apnea and vocal folds closure are both independents mechanisms. CONCLUSION: It is possible to suppose that in the subconscious condition, swallowing apnea is integrated under coordination of the same control mechanism that also involves the elastic resistance of the lung.

CONTEXTO: Apesar do expressivo número de estudos sobre a coordenação da respiração com a deglutição, o tema permanece aberto à pesquisa. OBJETIVO: Identificar um padrão de coordenação entre a pausa respiratória e a deglutição que ocorre em associação a esta usual apneia (apneia de deglutição) e estabelecer a importância do fechamento das pregas vocais que ocorre em associação a esta apneia. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 66 adultos de ambos os sexos, incluindo voluntários sadios, indivíduos laringectomizados e pacientes com queixas digestivas sem disfagia. Apneias produzidas em associação com deglutições de liquido a pedido e deglutições a seco, solicitadas e espontâneas, foram registradas a partir de informações captadas por termo receptor e receptor piezelétrico acoplados a equipamento de manometria da Synectics Medical usando o software Polygran upper 4.21. Os resultados foram submetidos a teste de independência não paramétricos qui ao quadrado (3x2) e (2x2), com P = 0.05. RESULTADOS: A apneia de deglutição é uma pausa respiratória preventiva que se inicia imediatamente antes e permanece ativa durante toda a fase faríngea da deglutição. Esta apneia é um bem coordenado fenômeno padrão que ocorre em associação com a baixa resistência elástica dos pulmões, presentes nas fases final da expiração, até a inicial da inspiração. Esta pausa respiratória é usualmente seguida de uma curta expiração que antecede novo ciclo respiratório. A apneia de deglutição e o fechamento das pregas vocais são mecanismos independentes. CONCLUSÕES: É possível supor que em atividade subconsciente, a apneia de deglutição seja integrada sob a coordenação do mesmo mecanismo de controle que também envolve a resistência elástica dos pulmões.