Propriedades psicométricas da versão espanhola da Referee Self-Efficacy Scale (REFS) / Sistema de clasificación de voleibol sentado: La perspectiva de los atletas / Sistema de qualicação para o vôlei: a perspectiva dos atletas

The aim of this study was to evaluate the classiffication system in sitting volleyball (SV) based on athletes' opinions on different competitive level. During World Sitting Volleyball Championships in 2014, 187 participants and 35 players in Polish and Lithuanian SV leagues participated in this study. They completed the survey regarding the current classiffication system in SV. The classiffication procedure was assessed as positive by 74% of elite athletes and 94.1% league athletes. Elite athletes see a need to include functional procedures, and in contrast to league athletes, they assessed the current classification system positively. Many of the players see a need to change the current classiffication system from medical to functional or mixed procedures. League athletes in contrast to elite athletes agree to include able-bodied people to compete on the court with people with physical impairments

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el sistema de clasificación en voleibol sentado (SV) en función de las opiniones de los atletas en diferentes niveles competitivos. Durante el Campeonato Mundial de Voleibol Sentado en 2014, 187 participantes y 35 jugadores de las ligas SV polacas y lituanas participaron en este estudio. Completaron la encuesta sobre el sistema de clasificación actual en SV. El procedimiento de clasificación fue evaluado como positivo por el 74% de los atletas de elite y el 94.1% de los atletas de liga. Los atletas de elite ven la necesidad de incluir procedimientos funcionales, y en contraste con los atletas de la liga, evaluaron positivamente el sistema de clasificación actual. Muchos de los jugadores ven la necesidad de cambiar el sistema de clasificación actual de procedimientos médicos a procedimientos funcionales o mixtos. Los atletas de la liga, en contraste con los atletas de elite, aceptan incluir personas sanas para competir en la cancha con personas con discapacidades físicas

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o sistema de classificação em voleibol sentado (SV) baseado na opinião de atletas em diferentes níveis competitivos. Durante o Campeonato do Mundo de Voleibol em 2014, participaram neste estudo 187 participantes e 35 jogadores nas ligas da Polónia e da Lituânia. Eles completaram a pesquisa sobre o sistema de classificação atual em SV. O procedimento de classificação foi avaliado como positivo por 74% dos atletas de elite e 94,1% dos atletas da liga. Os atletas de elite veem a necessidade de incluir procedimentos funcionais e, em contraste com os atletas da liga, avaliaram positivamente o sistema de classificação atual. Muitos dos jogadores vêem a necessidade de mudar o sistema de classificação atual de procedimentos médicos para procedimentos funcionais ou mistos. Atletas da liga, em contraste com atletas de elite, concordam em incluir pessoas fisicamente capazes para competir na quadra com pessoas com deficiências físicas

Comparison of Aerobic Performance Testing Protocols in Elite Male Wheelchair Basketball Players.

In wheelchair sports, aerobic performance is commonly assessed with the use of an arm crank ergometer (ACE), a wheelchair ergometer (WCE) or a wheelchair treadmill (WCT). There are different protocols to identify peak oxygen uptake in wheelchair sports; however, only a few protocols have been applied to evaluate these conditions in wheelchair basketball players. The purpose of this study was to compare physiological responses during maximal exercise testing with the use of ACE and WCT in wheelchair basketball players. Twelve elite male wheelchair basketball players participated in this study. The research was performed during a training camp of the Polish National Wheelchair Basketball Team. The study participants were divided into two functional categories: A (players with class 1.0 - 2.5) and B (players with class 3.0 - 4.5). Two main maximal exercise tests, i.e. wheelchair treadmill stress test (WCT test) and arm crank ergometer stress test (ACE test) were used to evaluate aerobic performance of the players. There were no statistically significant differences in aerobic tests between the players from both groups. The comparison of results achieved in two aerobic tests performed on WCT and ACE did not reveal any significant differences between the analyzed variables (peak heart rate (HRpeak), peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), minute ventilation (VE), anaerobic threshold (AT), lactate concentration (LApeak), and a drop in lactate concentration (%LA)). Strong correlations between results achieved in WCT and ACE tests were found for VO2peak, VE and LApeak. The main conclusion of the study is that both WCT and ACE tests may be useful when determining aerobic capacity of wheelchair basketball players. Moreover, both protocols can be used by athletes regardless of their functional capabilities and types of impairment.

Relationships Between Anaerobic Performance, Field Tests and Game Performance of Sitting Volleyball Players.

The aim of this study was to evaluate relationships between anaerobic performance, field tests, game performance and anthropometric variables of sitting volleyball players. Twenty elite Polish sitting volleyball players were tested using the 30 s Wingate Anaerobic Test for arm crank ergometer and participated in six physical field tests. Heights in position to block and to spike, as well as arm reach were measured. Players were observed during the game on the court in terms of effectiveness of the serve, block, attack, receive and defense. Pearson analysis and the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient were used. The strongest correlations were found between the chest pass test and mean power and peak power (r=.846; p=.001 and r=.708; p=.0005, respectively), and also between the T-test and peak power (r= -.718; p=.001). Mean power correlated with the 3 m test (r= -.540; p=.014), the 5 m test (r= -.592; p=.006), and the T-test (r= -.582; p=.007). Peak power correlated with the 3 m test (r= -.632; p=.003), the 5 m test (r= -.613; p=.004), speed & agility (r= -.552; p=.012) and speed & endurance (r=-.546; p=.013). Significant correlations were observed between anthropometric parameters and anaerobic performance variables (p≤.001), and also between anthropometric parameters and field tests (p≤.05). Game performance and physical fitness of sitting volleyball players depended on their anthropometric variables: reach of arms, the position to block and to spike. The chest pass test could be used as a non-laboratory field test of anaerobic performance of sitting volleyball players.

Laboratory and Field-Based Evaluation of Short-Term Effort with Maximal Intensity in Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities.

Results of previous studies have not indicated clearly which tests should be used to assess short-term efforts of people with intellectual disabilities. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate laboratory and field-based tests of short-term effort with maximal intensity of subjects with intellectual disabilities. Twenty four people with intellectual disability, who trained soccer, participated in this study. The 30 s Wingate test and additionally an 8 s test with maximum intensity were performed on a bicycle ergometer. The fatigue index, maximal and mean power, relative maximal and relative mean power were measured. Overall, nine field-based tests were conducted: 5, 10 and 20 m sprints, a 20 m shuttle run, a seated medicine ball throw, a bent arm hang test, a standing broad jump, sit-ups and a hand grip test. The reliability of the 30 s and 8 s Wingate tests for subjects with intellectual disability was confirmed. Significant correlation was observed for mean power between the 30 s and 8 s tests on the bicycle ergometer at a moderate level (r >0.4). Moreover, significant correlations were indicated between the results of laboratory tests and field tests, such as the 20 m sprint, the 20 m shuttle run, the standing long jump and the medicine ball throw. The strongest correlation was in the medicine ball throw. The 30 s Wingate test is a reliable test assessing maximal effort in subjects with intellectual disability. The results of this research confirmed that the 8 s test on a bicycle ergometer had a moderate correlation with the 30 s Wingate test in this population, thus, this comparison needs further investigation to examine alternativeness of the 8 s to 30 s Wingate tests. The non-laboratory tests could be used to indirectly assess performance in short-term efforts with maximal intensity.