Onabotulinumtoxina (craniotomy scar combined with cranial suture line injections) for persistent post craniotomy headache: Case series with long-term follow-up.

BACKGROUND: There is no defined preventive treatment protocol for persistent post-craniotomy headache. In several small case series and individual case reports onabotulinumtoxinA injected into the craniotomy scar has shown possible efficacy. What is lacking is long term follow-up and if focusing on the cranial suture lines along with the craniotomy scar can enhance improvement and provide more sustained benefit. METHODS: Retrospective chart review with case series. RESULTS: Four patients (three women, one man) with ICHD-3 defined persistent post craniotomy headache were treated using a novel onabotulinumtoxinA injection protocol. All the patients presented with continuous head pain of moderate to severe intensity. All had severe allodynia on the side of their craniotomy. All had significant reduction in quality of life. Our application of onabotulinumtoxinA involved injection into both the surgical scar and the transected/irritated cranial suture lines noted on neuroimaging and physical examination. With treatment all patients demonstrated significant benefit including a reduction in daily pain intensity (75%-100%), developing periods of pain freedom (2-7 days per week) and having a dramatic improvement in quality of life (close to 100% in all). The benefit was sustained for at least five years of follow-up. CONCLUSION: From our case series it appears that injection not only along the painful craniotomy scar but into the involved cranial suture lines provides positive efficacy and sustained improvement in patients with persistent post craniotomy headache.

Initial Observation among Patients with Vestibular Schwannoma.

Introduction Vestibular schwannomas (VS) are slow growing tumors. Although there are a wide variety of available treatment options, these tumors are often initially observed. We aimed to establish the presenting symptoms and outcomes of patients treated with initial observation at our institution. Methods The medical records of patients with radiographically diagnosed VS were reviewed from 1989 to 2018. Actuarial estimates of radiographic tumor control and freedom of local therapy were calculated and compared using Cox regression analyses. Results A total of 360 patients were diagnosed with VS at our institution from 1989 through 2018 with a median age of 59.9 years. After radiographic diagnosis, 243 patients (67.5%) opted for initial observation. Local control at 1, 5, and 10 years was 91, 67, and 58%, respectively. On multivariable analysis, factors associated with shorter time to radiographic tumor progression included younger patient age ( p = 0.016) and tumors with an extracanalicular component ( p = 0.032). Regarding time until definitive treatment only larger baseline American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (AAO-HNS) tumor size predicted for earlier initiation of therapy ( p < 0.001), although this was restricted to tumors with an extracanalicular component ( p = 0.004), as opposed to purely internal auditory canal tumors ( p = 0.839). Conclusion Many patients who were initially observed continued to have satisfactory local control rates at 10 years. In patients with extracanalicular tumors, larger AAO-HNS tumor measurements were associated with earlier radiographic tumor progression and shorter time to local therapy, with 7 mm serving as a potential threshold value for extracanalicular tumors. Younger patients and tumors with primarily an extracanalicular portion may warrant closer observation.

Observation or stereotactic radiosurgery for newly diagnosed vestibular schwannomas: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Vestibular schwannomas (VS) are benign tumors with a slow growth rate. There exists controversy regarding whether patients should receive upfront observation, SRS, FSRT, or surgery at the time of diagnosis. For patients declining resection, this systematic review evaluates the risks and benefits between observation and SRS upon diagnosis of VS. METHODS: Published studies on VS (including acoustic neuromas) were systematically reviewed for clinical series including patients with newly/recently diagnosed unilateral VS. Studies that included patients with previous treatment for the VS or focused on patients with neurofibromatosis (or other genetic conditions) were excluded. Review articles and systematic reviews were excluded but reviewed for relevant references that would otherwise meet search criteria. RESULTS: Most patients electing observation underwent their first surveillance scan 6 months after initial diagnosis, then annually or every-other-year thereafter. Follow up was similar for patients receiving radiosurgery. The follow up period varied between studies as not all studies published at a specific time point. Observation alone conferred a radiographic tumor control rate of 65% and serviceable hearing in 71.3% at by the end of the follow up period in the reviewed studies, and 34% of patients initially opting for observation went on to ultimately elect for treatment. Initial radiosurgery resulted in a tumor control rate of 97% and serviceable hearing rate of 73.8% at by the end of the follow up period. Radiosurgery resulted in improved tumor control at the end of the follow up period (p < 0.0001), and serviceable hearing did not statistically differ (p = 0.69). There is an early risk of progressive hearing decline on patients who chose initial observation. CONCLUSION: Based on the available published data, observation after initial diagnosis is appropriate for many patients with VS without symptomatic brainstem compression. However, initial observation does risk early progressive hearing dysfunction and patients with serviceable hearing at diagnosis may benefit from early therapy. Long term follow up is critical, and an algorithm to better risk-stratify patients with newly diagnosed VS is underway.

Trends in the initial management of vestibular schwannoma in the United States.

INTRODUCTION: Vestibular schwannomas are benign tumors of the 8th cranial nerve. Initial treatment options include active surveillance, surgery, and/or radiation therapy. We analyzed the United States National Cancer Database (NCDB) for patients with vestibular schwannomas and evaluated the initial management trends after diagnosis. METHODS: We queried the NCDB for patients with vestibular schwannomas, excluding patients who did not have schwannomas of the vestibulocochlear nerve. Categorical and continuous variables were analyzed, and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed to investigate for predictors of initial local therapy at diagnosis. All statistical analyses were performed using commercially available software (SPSS, Version 22; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). RESULTS: A total of 28,446 patients met the inclusion criteria. In this cohort, 7351 (25.8%) underwent observation, 12,362 (43.5%) underwent surgical resection, 7785 (27.4%) underwent SRS, 824 (2.9%) underwent EBRT, and 124 (0.4%) underwent RT NOS. On multivariate analysis, younger age, increased distance to treating facility, Charlson/Deyo score of 1, primary payer insurance, facility location and facility type (academic or cancer center) (p < 0.001) were all factors that predicted patients undergoing initial definitive treatment. CONCLUSION: Age, distance to treating facility, Charlson/Deyo score, primary payer, facility location, and facility type are factors that influence initial treatment for patients with vestibular schwannoma. Clinical stratification systems are needed to identify which patients would benefit most from initial local therapy versus active surveillance.