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1.
Behav Sci Law ; 38(5): 493-505, 2020 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32672391

RESUMO

The Department of Forensic Psychiatry of Castle Peak Hospital is the only facility in Hong Kong that provides territory-wide forensic psychiatric services for patients with criminal involvement. This retrospective study aimed to explore whether the rehabilitation programs provided by the department could significantly reduce the risks of forensic psychiatric inpatients as measured by the Short-Term Assessment of Risk and Treatability (START). START ratings of inpatients who were hospitalized in the department for more than 3 months and were discharged to the community during the period from 11 April 2015 to 31 March 2019 were analyzed. A total of 79 patients were assessed, of whom 61 (77.2%) were males. Fifty-four (68.4%) patients suffered from schizophrenia. START scores upon admission (strength score = 5.67; vulnerability score = 17.43) and upon discharge (strength score = 6.87, vulnerability score = 11.18) indicated significant reduction of risks among inpatients (p < 0.05).


Assuntos
Psiquiatria Legal , Pacientes Internados/psicologia , Transtornos Mentais/reabilitação , Medição de Risco/métodos , Adulto , Idoso , Integração Comunitária , Feminino , Hong Kong , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Alta do Paciente , Estudos Retrospectivos , Violência/psicologia
3.
East Asian Arch Psychiatry ; 28(4): 122-128, 2018 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30563948

RESUMO

In Hong Kong, compulsory admission is governed by the Mental Health Ordinance Section 31 (detention of a patient under observation), Section 32 (extension of period of detention for such a patient), Section 36 (detention of certified patients), and the sections in Part IV for hospital order, transfer order, and removal order. Mental health professionals adopt both legal criteria and practice criteria for compulsory admission. The present study discusses the harm principle, the patient's decision-making capacity, the multi-axial framework for compulsory admission, and the balance between paternalism and patient liberty.


Assuntos
Internação Compulsória de Doente Mental , Liberdade , Serviços de Saúde Mental , Paternalismo , Defesa do Paciente/ética , Internação Compulsória de Doente Mental/ética , Internação Compulsória de Doente Mental/legislação & jurisprudência , Hong Kong , Hospitalização , Humanos , Legislação Médica , Tempo de Internação , Serviços de Saúde Mental/ética , Serviços de Saúde Mental/estatística & dados numéricos
5.
Int J Law Psychiatry ; 54: 61-66, 2017.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28528124

RESUMO

Mapping forensic psychiatric services with the security needs of patients is a salient step in service planning, audit and review. A valid and reliable instrument for measuring the security needs of Chinese forensic psychiatric inpatients was not yet available. This study aimed to develop and validate the Chinese version of the Security Needs Assessment Profile for measuring the profiles of security needs of Chinese forensic psychiatric inpatients. The Security Needs Assessment Profile by Davis was translated into Chinese. Its face validity, content validity, construct validity and internal consistency reliability were assessed by measuring the security needs of 98 Chinese forensic psychiatric inpatients. Principal factor analysis for construct validity provided a six-factor security needs model explaining 68.7% of the variance. Based on the Cronbach's alpha coefficient, the internal consistency reliability was rated as acceptable for procedural security (0.73), and fair for both physical security (0.62) and relational security (0.58). A significant sex difference (p=0.002) in total security score was found. The Chinese version of the Security Needs Assessment Profile is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing the security needs of Chinese forensic psychiatric inpatients.


Assuntos
Psiquiatria Legal/instrumentação , Avaliação das Necessidades , Inquéritos e Questionários/normas , Adulto , Idoso , Estudos Transversais , Análise Fatorial , Feminino , Hong Kong/epidemiologia , Hospitais Psiquiátricos , Humanos , Pacientes Internados , Masculino , Transtornos Mentais/epidemiologia , Transtornos Mentais/terapia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Avaliação das Necessidades/normas , Psicometria , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Fatores Sexuais , Tradução , Violência , Adulto Jovem
6.
Cancer Radiother ; 20(3): 210-6, 2016 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27080575

RESUMO

We examined the effects of intensity-modulated radiation therapy with dose-sparing and avoidance technique on a pediatric patient with localized intracranial germinoma. We also reviewed the literature regarding modern irradiation techniques in relation to late neurocognitive sequelae. A patient with a localized intracranial germinoma in the third ventricle anterior to the pineal gland received a dose-sparing intensity-modulated radiation therapy. The planning was compared to the radiation oncologist's guide of organs at risk and dose constraints for dosimetric analyses. The patient received radiation therapy alone. The total dose was 54Gy delivered in 2.0Gy fractions to the primary tumour and 37Gy in 1.4Gy fractions to whole ventricles using a dose-sculpting plan. Dosimetry analyses showed that dose-sparing intensity-modulated radiation therapy delivered reduced doses to the whole brain, temporal lobes, hippocampi, cochleae, and optic nerves. With a follow-up of 22 months, failure-free survival was 100% for the patient and no adverse events during radiation treatment process. Intensity-modulated radiation therapy with dose sparing and avoidance technique can spare the limbic circuit, central nervous system, and hippocampus for pineal germ cell tumours. This technique reduces the integral dose delivered to the uninvolved normal brain tissues and may reduce late neurocognitive sequelae caused by cranial radiotherapy.


Assuntos
Neoplasias Encefálicas/radioterapia , Germinoma/radioterapia , Tratamentos com Preservação do Órgão , Radioterapia de Intensidade Modulada/métodos , Adolescente , Humanos , Masculino , Radiometria , Dosagem Radioterapêutica
8.
J Hazard Mater ; 292: 180-7, 2015 Jul 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25804793

RESUMO

Organic ultraviolet (UV) filters are used widely in various personal care products and their ubiquitous occurrence in the aquatic environment has been reported in recent years. However, data on their fate and potential impacts in marine sediments is limited. This study reports the occurrence and risk assessment of eleven widely used organic UV filters in marine sediment collected in Hong Kong and Tokyo Bay. Seven of the 11 target UV filters were detected in all sediment samples (median concentrations:

Assuntos
Ecologia , Sedimentos Geológicos/química , Água do Mar , Raios Ultravioleta , Hong Kong , Japão , Medição de Risco
9.
Water Res ; 67: 55-65, 2014 Dec 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25261628

RESUMO

Organic UV filters are common ingredients of personal care products (PCPs), but little is known about their distribution in and potential impacts to the marine environment. This study reports the occurrence and risk assessment of twelve widely used organic UV filters in surface water collected in eight cities in four countries (China, the United States, Japan, and Thailand) and the North American Arctic. The number of compounds detected, Hong Kong (12), Tokyo (9), Bangkok (9), New York (8), Los Angeles (8), Arctic (6), Shantou (5) and Chaozhou (5), generally increased with population density. Median concentrations of all detectable UV filters were <250 ng/L. The presence of these compounds in the Arctic is likely due to a combination of inadequate wastewater treatment and long-range oceanic transport. Principal component analysis (PCA) and two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were conducted to explore spatiotemporal patterns and difference in organic UV filter levels in Hong Kong. In general, spatial patterns varied with sampling month and all compounds showed higher concentrations in the wet season except benzophenone-4 (BP-4). Probabilistic risk assessment showed that 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC) posed greater risk to algae, while benzophenone-3 (BP-3) and ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate (EHMC) were more likely to pose a risk to fishes and also posed high risk of bleaching in hard corals in aquatic recreational areas in Hong Kong. This study is the first to report the occurrence of organic UV filters in the Arctic and provides a wider assessment of their potential negative impacts in the marine environment.


Assuntos
Água Doce/química , Água do Mar/química , Protetores Solares/análise , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Geografia , Medição de Risco , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Protetores Solares/efeitos adversos , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem , Poluentes Químicos da Água/efeitos adversos
10.
Water Res ; 53: 58-67, 2014 Apr 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24503280

RESUMO

Organic ultraviolet (UV) filters are applied widely in personal care products (PCPs), but the distribution and risks of these compounds in the marine environment are not well known. In this study, the occurrence and removal efficiencies of 12 organic UV filters in five wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) equipped with different treatment levels in Hong Kong, South China, were investigated during one year and a preliminary environmental risk assessment was carried out. Using a newly developed simultaneous multiclass quantification liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method, butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane (BMDM), 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone (BP-1), benzophenone-3 (BP-3), benzophenone-4 (BP-4) and 2-ethyl-hexyl-4-trimethoxycinnamate (EHMC) were frequently (≥80%) detected in both influent and effluent with mean concentrations ranging from 23 to 1290 ng/L and 18-1018 ng/L, respectively; less than 2% of samples contained levels greater than 1000 ng/L. Higher concentrations of these frequently detected compounds were found during the wet/summer season, except for BP-4, which was the most abundant compound detected in all samples in terms of total mass. The target compounds behaved differently depending on the treatment level in WWTPs; overall, removal efficiencies were greater after secondary treatment when compared to primary treatment with >55% and <20% of compounds showing high removal (defined as >70% removal), respectively. Reverse osmosis was found to effectively eliminate UV filters from effluent (>99% removal). A preliminary risk assessment indicated that BP-3 and EHMC discharged from WWTPs may pose high risk to fishes in the local environment.


Assuntos
Estações do Ano , Protetores Solares/análise , Eliminação de Resíduos Líquidos/instrumentação , Águas Residuárias/análise , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Animais , Cromatografia Líquida , Monitoramento Ambiental , Peixes/metabolismo , Medição de Risco , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização por Electrospray , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem
11.
J Neurol Sci ; 337(1-2): 141-6, 2014 Feb 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24326200

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: Central autonomic impairment is frequent in ischemic stroke at acute or chronic stages. The mechanism by which these symptoms occur in patients with ischemic stroke has not been elucidated. This study sought to investigate cardiovascular autonomic function in patients with different subtypes of post-acute ischemic stroke. METHODS: 77 ischemic stroke patients [50 patients with large-artery atherosclerosis (LAA) and 27 patients with small-vessel occlusion (SVO), average 6 months after stroke onset] and 37 elderly controls were recruited. All performed Ewing's battery autonomic function tests and power spectral analysis of heart rate variability (HRV). RESULTS: Stroke patients with both LAA and SVO had significantly lower low frequency power spectral density than controls. The prevalence of autonomic dysfunction in both groups (82.0% patients with LAA and 63.0% with SVO) was higher than that in controls (21.6%). Patients with LAA showed impairment of all parasympathetic tests (all P<0.05) and one of the sympathetic tests (mean fall in systolic blood pressure on standing: P = 0.058) and those with SVO only showed impairment in two parasympathetic tests (heart rate response to deep breathing: P = 0.010; heart rate response to standing: P = 0.004) in comparison with controls. Patients with LAA had significantly more impairment than those with SVO in some autonomic parameters (Valsalva ratio: P = 0.039; mean fall in systolic blood pressure on standing: P = 0.015). CONCLUSIONS: Irrespective of the subtype of the ischemia, post-acute stroke patients showed a parasympathetic cardiac deficit. Additionally, parasympathetic and sympathetic cardiovascular modulations were more severely impaired in patients with LAA.


Assuntos
Doenças do Sistema Nervoso Autônomo/etiologia , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/classificação , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/complicações , Idoso , Arritmia Sinusal/etiologia , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso Autônomo/diagnóstico , Isquemia Encefálica/complicações , Distribuição de Qui-Quadrado , Tontura/etiologia , Feminino , Frequência Cardíaca/fisiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Retrospectivos , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/etiologia , Manobra de Valsalva/fisiologia
13.
Environ Int ; 42: 1-9, 2012 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21450345

RESUMO

Occurrence, removal, consumption and environmental risks of sixteen antibiotics were investigated in several sewage treatment plants (STPs) featuring different treatment levels in Hong Kong, China. Cefalexin, ofloxacin and erythromycin-H(2)O were predominant with concentrations of 1020-5640, 142-7900 and 243-4740 ng/L in influent, respectively; their mass loads were comparable to levels reported in urban regions in China and were at the high end of the range reported for western countries. The target antibiotics behaved differently depending on the treatment level employed at the STPs and relatively higher removal efficiencies (>70%) were observed for cefalexin, cefotaxime, amoxicillin, sulfamethoxazole and chloramphenicol during secondary treatment. ß-lactams were especially susceptible to removal via the activated sludge process while macrolides were recalcitrant (<20%) in the dissolved phase. Two fluoroquinolones, ofloxacin (4%) and norfloxacin (52%), differed greatly in their removal efficiencies, probably because of disparities in their pK(a) values which resulted in different sorption behaviour in sludge. Overall antibiotic consumption in Hong Kong was back-calculated based on influent mass flows and compared with available prescription and usage data. This model was verified by a good approximation of 82% and 141% to the predicted consumption of total ofloxacin, but a less accurate estimate was obtained for erythromycin usage. Risk assessment indicated that algae are susceptible to the environmental concentrations of amoxicillin as well as the mixture of the nine detected antibiotics in receiving surface waters.


Assuntos
Antibacterianos/análise , Eliminação de Resíduos Líquidos/estatística & dados numéricos , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Poluição Química da Água/estatística & dados numéricos , Amoxicilina/análise , Cefalexina/análise , China , Cloranfenicol/análise , Uso de Medicamentos/estatística & dados numéricos , Monitoramento Ambiental , Eritromicina/análise , Fluoroquinolonas/análise , Hong Kong , Humanos , Macrolídeos/análise , Ofloxacino/análise , Medição de Risco , Esgotos/química , beta-Lactamas/análise
14.
Acta Neurol Scand ; 126(2): 122-8, 2012 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22077726

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: Impaired autonomic function is common in acute ischemic stroke. Previous limited studies have suggested that atherosclerosis may affect the distensibility of the carotid sinus and then impair the cardiovascular autonomic function. This study sought to investigate cardiovascular autonomic function in patients with ischemic stroke with carotid stenosis. METHODS: Eighty-five patients with ischemic stroke (58 ones without carotid stenosis and 27 ones with carotid stenosis, average 6 months after stroke onset) and 37 elderly controls were recruited. All performed Ewing's battery autonomic function tests. RESULTS: From Ewing's battery of autonomic function tests, atypical, definite, or severe autonomic dysfunction was identified in 69.0% patients without carotid stenosis and 88.9% with carotid stenosis, with significant difference between the two groups, and the prevalence of autonomic dysfunction in both groups was higher than that in controls (21.6%). Patients with carotid stenosis showed impairment of all parasympathetic tests (all P < 0.05) and one of the sympathetic tests [Mean fall in systolic blood pressure (BP) on standing: P = 0.051], and those without carotid stenosis only showed impairment in two parasympathetic tests (Valsalva ratio: P = 0.014; heart rate response to deep breathing: P < 0.001) in comparison with controls. Patients with carotid stenosis had significantly more impairment than those without carotid stenosis in some autonomic parameters (Valsalva ratio: P < 0.05; mean fall in systolic BP on standing: P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Cardiovascular autonomic function is impaired in patients with ischemic stroke, but patients with carotid stenosis show more severely impaired parasympathetic and sympathetic functions.


Assuntos
Doenças do Sistema Nervoso Autônomo/epidemiologia , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso Autônomo/etiologia , Estenose das Carótidas/complicações , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/complicações , Idoso , Sistema Nervoso Autônomo/fisiopatologia , Isquemia Encefálica/complicações , Fenômenos Fisiológicos Cardiovasculares , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino
15.
Eur J Neurol ; 18(5): 726-30, 2011 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21143704

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: Based on its efficacy in treating neuropathic pain, gabapentin may be effective for the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of gabapentin for symptom relief in CTS. METHODS: We conducted a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial recruiting patients with newly diagnosed idiopathic CTS of more than a period of three months. Diagnosis was based on characteristic symptoms with electrophysiological confirmation. Patients were randomly assigned to an active group receiving gabapentin (starting dose 300 mg once daily to a target of 900 mg daily) or a placebo group. Primary end-point was the global symptom score (GSS), which was measured at baseline, two, and eight weeks. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in baseline variables between the two treatment groups. Hundred and forty patients were enrolled in the study, of whom 71 were randomly assigned to gabapentin group and 69 assigned to placebo group. Both gabapentin and placebo produced significant improvement in symptoms at two and eight weeks. The GSS at 2 and 8 weeks was 16.4 (SD 9.4) and 13.4 (SD 9.7), respectively, in the active group versus 14.9 (SD 9.0) and 12.5 (SD 8.9) in the control group (P < 0.01). But by eight weeks, the mean reduction in symptom severity of patients on gabapentin [-10.4 (SD 10.8)] was not significant when compared with placebo [-8.7 (SD 8.1), P < 0.39]. Adverse events were not severe and included dizziness, somnolence, and headache. CONCLUSIONS: Gabapentin did not produce a significant reduction in symptom severity compared with placebo over an eight-week period.


Assuntos
Aminas/administração & dosagem , Analgésicos/administração & dosagem , Síndrome do Túnel Carpal/tratamento farmacológico , Ácidos Cicloexanocarboxílicos/administração & dosagem , Nervo Mediano/fisiopatologia , Ácido gama-Aminobutírico/administração & dosagem , Adulto , Aminas/efeitos adversos , Analgésicos/efeitos adversos , Síndrome do Túnel Carpal/fisiopatologia , Ácidos Cicloexanocarboxílicos/efeitos adversos , Método Duplo-Cego , Feminino , Gabapentina , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Placebos , Ácido gama-Aminobutírico/efeitos adversos
16.
Br J Pharmacol ; 159(2): 449-61, 2010 Jan 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20082612

RESUMO

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors represent an attractive drug target for the treatment of neurological and neurodegenerative disorders associated with glutamate-induced excitotoxicity. The aim of this study was to map the binding domain of high affinity 5-substituted benzimidazole derivatives [N-{2-[(4-benzylpiperidin-1-yl)methyl]benzimidazol-5-yl}methanesulphonamide (XK1) and N-[2-(4-phenoxybenzyl)benzimidazol-5-yl]methanesulphonamide (XK2)] on the GluN2B subunit of the NMDA receptor. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: The pharmacological antagonistic profiles of XK1 and XK2 were assessed using in vitro rat primary cerebrocortical neurones and two-electrode voltage clamp on Xenopus oocytes expressing heterologous GluN1/GluN2B receptors. Direct ligand binding was determined using the recombinant amino-terminal domain (ATD) of GluN2B. KEY RESULTS: XK1 and XK2 effectively protected against NMDA-induced excitotoxicity in rat primary cortical neurones. Low concentrations of XK1 (10 nM) and XK2 (1 nM) significantly reversed neuronal death. Both compounds failed to inhibit currents measured from oocytes heterologously expressing GluN1-1a subunit co-assembled with the ATD-deleted GluN2B subunit. XK1 and XK2 showed specific binding to recombinant protein of GluN2B ATD with low nanomolar affinities. Several residues in the recombinant ATD of GluN2B were identified to be critical for conferring XK1 and XK2 sensitivity. The inhibitory effects of XK1 and XK2 were pH-sensitive, being increased at acidic pH. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: These results demonstrate that XK1 and XK2 are effective neuroprotective agents in vitro and indicate that 5-substituted benzimidazole derivatives inhibit GluN1/GluN2B receptors via direct binding to the ATD of the GluN2B subunit. These compounds represent valuable alternatives to the classical antagonist ifenprodil as pharmacological tools for studying GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors.


Assuntos
Benzimidazóis/farmacologia , Neurônios/efeitos dos fármacos , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/farmacologia , Receptores de N-Metil-D-Aspartato/metabolismo , Sulfonamidas/farmacologia , Animais , Sítios de Ligação , Células Cultivadas , Córtex Cerebral/citologia , Embrião de Mamíferos , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , N-Metilaspartato/farmacologia , Neurônios/metabolismo , Estrutura Terciária de Proteína , Subunidades Proteicas/metabolismo , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Receptores de N-Metil-D-Aspartato/agonistas , Receptores de N-Metil-D-Aspartato/antagonistas & inibidores
17.
J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong) ; 16(3): 385-8, 2008 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19126913

RESUMO

Hypophosphatasia is a rare genetic metabolic disorder characterised by defective bone mineralisation secondary to serum and bone alkaline phosphatase deficiency. We report a 46-year-old woman who underwent multiple intramedullary nailings for fractures and deformities of 6 long bones over 13 years.


Assuntos
Fixação Intramedular de Fraturas , Fraturas Espontâneas/etiologia , Fraturas Espontâneas/cirurgia , Hipofosfatasia/complicações , Adulto , Feminino , Fraturas Espontâneas/diagnóstico , Humanos , Hipofosfatasia/patologia , Hipofosfatasia/cirurgia
18.
Water Res ; 42(1-2): 395-403, 2008 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17706267

RESUMO

Concentrations of nine antibiotics [erythromycin-H(2)O (ERY-H(2)O); trimethoprim (TMP); tetracycline (TET); norfloxacin (NOR); penicillin G (PEN G); penicillin V (PEN V); cefalexin (CLX); cefotaxim (CTX); and cefazolin (CFZ)] were measured in influent and effluent samples from four sewage treatment plants (STPs) in Hong Kong as well as in influent samples from one STP in Shenzhen. Levels of PEN V and CFZ were below method detection limits in all of the samples analyzed. CLX concentrations were the highest in most of the Hong Kong samples, ranging from 670 to 2900 ng/L and 240 to 1800 ng/L in influent and effluent samples, respectively, but CLX was not detected in the samples from Shenzhen. Comparatively lower concentrations were observed for ERY-H(2)O (470-810 ng/L) and TET (96-1300 ng/L) in the influent samples from all STPs in Hong Kong. CTX was found to be the dominant antibiotic in the Shenzhen STP influents with a mean concentration of 1100 ng/L, but occurred at lower concentrations in Hong Kong sewage. These results likely reflect regional variations in the prescription and use patterns of antibiotics between Hong Kong and Shenzhen. Antibiotic removal efficiencies depended on their chemical properties and the wastewater treatment processes used. In general, relatively higher removal efficiencies were observed for NOR (5-78%) and TET (7-73%), which are readily adsorbed to particulate matter, while lower removal efficiencies were observed for ERY-H(2)O (9-19%), which is relatively persistent in the environment. Antibiotics were removed more efficiently at Hong Kong STPs employing secondary treatment processes compared with those using primary treatment only. Concentrations of NOR measured in effluents from STPs in Hong Kong were lower than the predicted no-effect concentration of 8000 ng/L determined in a previous study. Therefore, concentrations of antibiotics measured in this preliminary study would be unlikely to cause adverse effects on microorganisms used in wastewater treatment processes at the sampled STPs.


Assuntos
Antibacterianos/análise , Eliminação de Resíduos Líquidos , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , China , Monitoramento Ambiental
20.
Regul Toxicol Pharmacol ; 47(1): 96-109, 2007 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17030369

RESUMO

Advances in both sensitivity and specificity of analytical chemistry have made it possible to quantify substances in human biological specimens, such as blood, urine, and breast milk, in specimen volumes that are practical for collection from individuals. Research laboratories led by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in its series National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2005. Third National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals. NCEH Pub. No. 05-0570.] are dedicating substantial resources to designing and conducting human biomonitoring studies and compiling biomonitoring data for the general population. However, the ability to quantitatively interpret the results of human biomonitoring in the context of a health risk assessment currently lags behind the analytical chemist's ability to make such measurements. The traditional paradigm for human health risk assessment of environmental chemicals involves comparing estimated daily doses to health-based criteria for acceptable, safe, or tolerable daily intakes (for example, reference doses [RfDs], tolerable daily intakes [TDIs], or minimal risk levels [MRLs]) to assess whether estimated doses exceed such health screening levels. However, biomonitoring efforts result in measured chemical concentrations in biological specimens (the result of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of administered doses) rather than estimated intake doses. Quantitative benchmarks of acceptable or safe concentrations in biological specimens (analogous to RfDs, TDIs, or MRLs) needed to interpret these levels exist for very few chemicals of environmental interest. This paper discusses issues inherent in converting existing health screening benchmarks based on intake doses to screening levels for evaluating biomonitoring data, and presents methods and approaches that can be used to derive such screening levels (termed "Biomonitoring Equivalents," or BEs) for a range of chemicals and biological media.


Assuntos
Exposição Ambiental/análise , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Poluentes Ambientais/análise , Programas de Rastreamento/métodos , Xenobióticos/análise , Animais , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Poluentes Ambientais/farmacocinética , Poluentes Ambientais/toxicidade , Meia-Vida , Humanos , Saúde Pública , Medição de Risco , Xenobióticos/farmacocinética , Xenobióticos/toxicidade
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