An outbreak of Mycobacterium fortuitum cutaneous infection associated with mesotherapy.

OBJECTIVE: We describe an outbreak of Mycobacterium fortuitum cutaneous infections associated with mesotherapy in La Rioja, Spain. DESIGN: Descriptive epidemiology. SETTING: Private practice. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS: Case subjects were customers of a single beauty salon who were treated with mesotherapy injections. INTERVENTION(S): Two skin biopsies were taken from each patient. RESULTS: Over the designated period, 138 women received mesotherapy. Of these women, 39, or 28.3%, developed lesions ultimately thought to be caused by Mycobacterium fortuitum infection. The number of lesions per patient varied from 3 to 20 in the most severe case. Most of the lesions were indurated, erythematous or violaceous papules, some progressing to become fluctuant boils with suppuration, fistulization and scarring. The individual lesions varied in diameter from 0.5 to 6 cm. Two patients (5.1%) developed inguinal or axillary adenopathy. Two others presented with fever. One reported muscular pain. In 12 of the 39 cases, M. fortuitum was isolated from the wound cultures. The patients were all successfully treated with clarithromycin and levofloxacin. CONCLUSIONS: We identified a large outbreak of rapidly growing mycobacterial lesions among women who received mesotherapy injections in a single beauty salon.

HIV/STI co-infection among men who have sex with men in Spain.

In Spain, neither the HIV nor the STI national surveillance systems collect information on HIV/STI co-infection. However, there are two networks based on HIV/STI clinics which gather this data. We describe HIV prevalence in men who have sex with men (MSM) diagnosed with infectious syphilis and/or gonorrhoea in 15 STI clinics; and concurrent diagnoses of STI in MSM newly diagnosed with HIV in 19 HIV/STI clinics. In total, 572 MSM were diagnosed with infectious syphilis and 580 with gonorrhoea during 2005-2007. HIV prevalence among syphilis and gonorrhoea cases was 29.8% and 15.2% respectively. In the multivariate analysis, HIV/syphilis co-infection was associated with being Latin American; having a history of STI; reporting exclusively anal intercourse; and having sex with casual or several types of partners. HIV and gonorrhoea co-infection was associated with age older than 45 years; having no education or only primary education completed; and having a history of STI. In total, 1,462 HIV infections were newly diagnosed among MSM during 2003-2007. Of these, 31.0% were diagnosed with other STI at the same time. Factors associated with STI co-infection among new HIV cases in MSM were being Latin American; and having sex with casual partners or with both steady and casual partners. In Spain, a considerable proportion of MSM are co-infected with HIV and STI.

[Huntington's disease mortality in Spain in the period 1981-2004]. / Mortalidad por la enfermedad de Huntington en Espana en el periodo 1981-2004.

INTRODUCTION: Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomic dominant neurodegenerative disease characterized by neuromuscular, cognitive and psychiatric symptoms. AIM: To analyze the mortality trend for HD from 1981-2004 in Spain. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Both crude and specific rates adjusted to the European population were used to show the evolution of mortality. Rates are showed by age and gender per million of inhabitants. Joinpoint regression model was used to analyze mortality trends. RESULTS: 866 deaths under HD codes were recorded in Spain during the study period (452 males and 414 females). Adjusted rates ranged from 0.64 in 1981 to 1.65 in 2004 in males and from 0.40 in 1981 to 1.16 in 2004 in females. The trend of the mortality rates in both genders followed a slight and steady increase during the whole period and dramatic changes were not detected. The average yearly percentage of this increase was 3.76% in males and 3.67% in females. CONCLUSIONS: The study has showed a yearly age adjusted mortality rates increase close to 4%. No differences have been seen between males and females. The follow up of this trend should be monitored to test if it stabilizes or it rises.

Mortalidad por la enfermedad de Huntington en España en el período 1981-2004 / Huntington´s disease mortality in Spain in the period 1981-2004

Introducción. La enfermedad de Huntington (EH) es una enfermedad neurodegenerativa hereditaria autosómica dominante, caracterizada por síntomas motores, cognitivos y psiquiátricos. Objetivo. Analizar las tendencias en la mortalidad por EH en España en el período 1981 a 2004. Pacientes y métodos. Los datos de mortalidad proceden del Instituto Nacional de Estadística, código 333.4 de la CIE-9 para el período 1981 a 1998, y código G10 de la CIE-10 desde 1999. Se han calculado tasas brutas, tasas específicas por edad y tasas ajustadas según la población europea, según el método directo y expresadas por millón de habitantes. Para analizar la tendencia en las tasas de mortalidad se han empleado modelos de regresión de joinpoint. Resultados. En el período estudiado fallecieron 866 personas (452 varones y 414 mujeres) en España por EH. Las tasas ajustadas por millón de habitantes fueron de 0,64 (en 1981) y 1,65 (en 2004) en varones, y de 0,40 (en 1981) y 1,16 (en 2004) en mujeres. La evolución de las tasas de mortalidad ajustadas por edad ha sido monótonamente creciente, sin que se hayan identificado puntos de cambio en la tendencia. En promedio, el crecimiento estimado mediante el porcentaje anual de cambio ha sido de 3,76% en varones y de 3,67% en mujeres. Conclusiones. El estudio ha mostrado un incremento cercano al 4% anual en las tasas de mortalidad ajustadas por edad, similar en varones y en mujeres. Queda por evaluar si la tendencia creciente encontrada se mantiene en el futuro o si se estabiliza en las cifras de los últimos años

Introduction. Huntington’s disease (HD) is an autosomic dominant neurodegenerative disease characterized by neuromuscular, cognitive and psychiatric symptoms. Aim. To analyze the mortality trend for HD from 1981-2004 in Spain. Patients and methods. Both crude and specific rates adjusted to the European population were used to show the evolution of mortality. Rates are showed by age and gender per million of inhabitants. Joinpoint regression model was used to analyze mortality trends. Results. 866 deaths under HD codes were recorded in Spain during the study period (452 males and 414 females). Adjusted rates ranged from 0.64 in 1981 to 1.65 in 2004 in males and from 0.40 in 1981 to 1.16 in 2004 in females. The trend of the mortality rates in both genders followed a slight and steady increase during the whole period and dramatic changes were not detected. The average yearly percentage of this increase was 3.76% in males and 3.67% in females. Conclusions. The study has showed a yearly age adjusted mortality rates increase close to 4%. No differences have been seen between males and females. The follow up of this trend should be monitored to test if it stabilizes or it rises

A measles outbreak in children under 15 months of age in La Rioja, Spain, 2005-2006.

This paper describes a measles outbreak in La Rioja, Spain, which began in December 2005 and mainly affected children under 15 months of age who were not yet immunised with MMR vaccine. The measles cases were detected by the mandatory reporting system, under which laboratories must report every confirmed measles case. Cases were classified in accordance with the National Measles Elimination Plan: suspected and laboratory-confirmed. In the period 14 December 2005 to 19 February 2006, 29 suspected cases of measles were investigated, and 18 were confirmed. The mean incubation period was 13.8 days (range: 9 to 18). Of the 18 confirmed cases, only two were in adults. MMR vaccination was recommended for all household contacts, as well as for children aged 6 to 14 months who attended the daycare centres where the cases had appeared. At these centres, the second dose of MMR was administered ahead of schedule for children under three years of age. It was recommended that the first dose of MMR vaccine be administered ahead of schedule for all children aged 9 to 14 months. During an outbreak of measles, children aged 6 months or older, who have not previously been vaccinated against measles, mumps and rubella, should receive a first dose as soon as possible, and those who have had a first dose should receive a second dose as soon as possible, provided that a minimum of one month has elapsed between the two doses.

[Present situation and future perspectives of the epidemic of HIV and AIDS in Spain]. / Situación actual y perspectivas futuras de la epidemia de VIH y sida en España.

Until 1997 Spain was the European country with the highest incidence of AIDS, due mainly to transmission between users of injected drugs. Since early 1990 there has been a fall in the rate of diagnoses of HIV infection in the Spanish autonomous communities where this information is available, and in 2004 this rate was situated below that of several western European countries. New infections in users of intravenous drugs have declined, and although heterosexual transmission has not undergone significant changes, it has become the prime cause of new HIV infections. The rate of diagnoses of HIV has fallen in both the indigenous population and immigrants; however, demographic changes have meant an increase in the percentage of HIV diagnoses in immigrants. In homosexual men there have been descriptions of a recent increase in the incidence of syphilis and gonococcus, which are a warning of possible increases in the transmission of HIV in this group. The number of people who live with HIV in Spain remains between 100,000 and 150,000 (2.4 to 3.6 per 1,000 inhabitants). In spite of the improvement in prognosis due to antiretroviral treatments, there are annually in Spain over 2,000 cases of AIDS (4.8 per 100,000 inhabitants) and over 1,600 deaths from AIDS (3.8 per 100,000). One third of the people who developed AIDS in 2004 had not until then been diagnosed with HIV, which prevented starting the antiretroviral treatment in time.

Situación actual y perspectivas futuras de la epidemia de VIH y sida en España / Present situation and future perspectives of the epidemic of HIV and AIDS in Spain

España fue hasta 1997 el país europeo con mayor incidencia de sida, debido principalmente a la transmisión entre usuarios de drogas inyectadas. Desde principios de 1990 ha disminuido la tasa de diagnósticos de infección por el VIH en las comunidades autónomas españolas que disponen de esta información, y en 2004 esta tasa se situó por debajo de la de varios países de Europa occidental. Han disminuido las nuevas infecciones en usuarios de drogas por vía parenteral, y aunque la transmisión heterosexual no ha sufrido cambios importantes, ha pasado a ser la primera causa de las nuevas infecciones por VIH. La tasa de diagnósticos de VIH ha disminuido tanto en población autóctona como en inmigrantes; no obstante, los cambios demográficos hacen que crezca el porcentaje de diagnósticos de VIH de inmigrantes. En hombres homosexuales se han descrito aumentos recientes en la incidencia de sífilis y gonococia que alertan sobre posibles ascensos en la transmisión del VIH en este colectivo. El número de personas que viven con el VIH en España se mantiene entre 100.000 y 150.000 (2,4 a 3,6 por 1.000 habitantes). A pesar de la mejora en el pronóstico debida a los tratamientos antirretrovirales, en España se producen todavía más de 2.000 casos de sida (4,8 por 100.000 habitantes) y más de 1.600 muertes por sida anuales (3,8 por 100.000 habitantes). Un tercio de las personas que debutaron con sida en 2004 no habían sido diagnosticadas de VIH hasta entonces, lo que impidió iniciar el tratamiento antirretroviral a tiempo

Until 1997 Spain was the European country with the highest incidence of AIDS, due mainly to transmission between users of injected drugs. Since early 1990 there has been a fall in the rate of diagnoses of HIV infection in the Spanish autonomous communities where this information is available, and in 2004 this rate was situated below that of several western European countries. New infections in users of intravenous drugs have declined, and although heterosexual transmission has not undergone significant changes, it has become the prime cause of new HIV infections. The rate of diagnoses of HIV has fallen in both the indigenous population and immigrants; however, demographic changes have meant an increase in the percentage of HIV diagnoses in immigrants. In homosexual men there have been descriptions of a recent increase in the incidence of syphilis and gonococcus, which are a warning of possible increases in the transmission of HIV in this group. ;;The number of people who live with HIV in Spain remains between 100,000 and 150,000 (2.4 to 3.6 per 1,000 inhabitants). In spite of the improvement in prognosis due to antiretroviral treatments, there are annually in Spain over 2,000 cases of AIDS (4.8 per 100,000 inhabitants) and over 1,600 deaths from AIDS (3.8 per 100,000). One third of the people who developed AIDS in 2004 had not until then been diagnosed with HIV, which prevented starting the antiretroviral treatment in time

A measles outbreak in children under 15 months of age in La Rioja, Spain, 2005-2006.

This paper describes a measles outbreak in La Rioja, Spain, which began in December 2005 and mainly affected children under 15 months of age who were not yet immunised with MMR vaccine. The measles cases were detected by the mandatory reporting system, under which laboratories must report every confirmed measles case. Cases were classified in accordance with the National Measles Elimination Plan: suspected and laboratory-confirmed. In the period 14 December 2005 to 19 February 2006, 29 suspected cases of measles were investigated, and 18 were confirmed. The mean incubation period was 13.8 days (range: 9 to 18). Of the 18 confirmed cases, only two were in adults. MMR vaccination was recommended for all household contacts, as well as for children aged 6 to 14 months who attended the daycare centres where the cases had appeared. At these centres, the second dose of MMR was administered ahead of schedule for children under three years of age. It was recommended that the first dose of MMR vaccine be administered ahead of schedule for all children aged 9 to 14 months. During an outbreak of measles, children aged 6 months or older, who have not previously been vaccinated against measles, mumps and rubella, should receive a first dose as soon as possible, and those who have had a first dose should receive a second dose as soon as possible, provided that a minimum of one month has elapsed between the two doses.

[Evolution of the new number of diagnoses of HIV infection in Asturias, Navarra and La Rioja]. / Evolución del número de nuevos diagnósticos de infección por el VIH en Asturias, Navarra y La Rioja.

BACKGROUND: To describe the time-trend of people diagnosed with HIV infection in Asturias, Navarra and La Rioja up to 1998. METHODS: HIV case reports since the beginning of the epidemic have been analysed. Only the first positive confirmed result for each patient was taken into account. RESULTS: In the three regions a total of 7,870 HIV infections had been diagnosed by 1998 (4 cases per 1,000 inhabitants). New diagnoses decreased 60% since 1991 to 1998, with the greatest fall among intravenous drug users, and the lowest fall in sexually transmitted infections. CONCLUSIONS: This time-trend supports a reduction in HIV transmission in these three regions; however, the number of new diagnosed infections remains high.