Establishment of in vitro regeneration system and molecular analysis of early development of somatic callus in Capsicum chinense and Capsicum baccatum.

Regeneration is extremely important to pepper genetic development; however, the molecular mechanisms of how the callus reactivates cell proliferation and promotes cell reprogramming remain elusive in pepper. In the present study, C. baccatum (HNUCB81 and HNUCB226) and C. chinense (HNUCC22 and HNUCC16) were analyzed to reveal callus initiation by in vitro regeneration, histology, and transcriptome. We successfully established an efficient in vitro regeneration system of two cultivars to monitor the callus induction of differential genotypes, and the regenerated plants were obtained. Compared to C. chinense, there was a higher callus induction rate in C. baccatum. The phenotype of C. baccatum changed significantly and formed vascular tissue faster than C. chinense. The KEGG enrichment analysis found that plant hormone transduction and starch and sucrose metabolism pathways were significantly enriched. In addition, we identified that the WOX7 gene was significantly up-regulated in HNUCB81 and HNUCB226 than that in HNUCC22 and HNUCC16, which may be a potential function in callus formation. These results provided a promising strategy to improve the regeneration and transformation of pepper plants.

Transcriptome and Metabolome Analysis of Color Changes during Fruit Development of Pepper (Capsicum baccatum).

Fruit color is one of the most critical characteristics of pepper. In this study, pepper (Capsicum baccatum L.) fruits with four trans-coloring periods were used as experimental materials to explore the color conversion mechanism of pepper fruit. By transcriptome and metabolome analysis, we identified a total of 307 flavonoid metabolites, 68 carotenoid metabolites, 29 DEGs associated with flavonoid biosynthesis, and 30 DEGs related to carotenoid biosynthesis. Through WGCNA (weighted gene co-expression network analysis) analysis, positively correlated modules with flavonoids and carotenoids were identified, and hub genes associated with flavonoid and carotenoid synthesis and transport were anticipated. We identified Pinobanksin, Naringenin Chalcone, and Naringenin as key metabolites in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway catalyzed by the key genes chalcone synthase (CHS CQW23_29123, CQW23_29380, CQW23_12748), cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase (C4H CQW23_16085, CQW23_16084), cytochrome P450 (CYP450 CQW23_19845, CQW23_24900). In addition, phytoene synthase (PSY CQW23_09483), phytoene dehydrogenase (PDS CQW23_11317), zeta-carotene desaturase (ZDS CQW23_19986), lycopene beta cyclase (LYC CQW23_09027), zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP CQW23_05387), 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED CQW23_17736), capsanthin/capsorubin synthase (CCS CQW23_30321) are key genes in the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway, catalyzing the synthesis of key metabolites such as Phytoene, Lycopene, ß-carotene and ε-carotene. We also found that transcription factor families such as p450 and NBARC could play important roles in the biosynthesis of flavonoids and carotenoids in pepper fruits. These results provide new insights into the interaction mechanisms of genes and metabolites involved in the biosynthesis of flavonoids and carotenoids in pepper fruit leading to color changes in pepper fruit.