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Plastic pollution has emerged as a pressing global concern, driven by the extensive production and consumption of plastic, resulting in over 8 billion tons of plastic waste generated to date. Conventional disposal methods have proven inadequate in effectively managing polymer waste, necessitating the exploration of novel techniques. Previous research has demonstrated the successful application of photoreforming (PR) in converting water-soluble oligomer fragments of plastics into valuable chemicals. However, an unresolved challenge remains in dealing with the insoluble oligomer fragments characterized by complex chemical structures and larger molecular sizes. In this study, we propose a facile approach that involves H2PdCl4-induced activation on PET substrate for PR of PET bottles. Remarkably, this method enables the production of C1-C3 compounds without the reliance on sacrificial reagents or photocatalysts. The significant findings of this study offer a practical solution to address the most formidable aspect of plastic PR, specifically targeting the insoluble oligomer fragments. Moreover, this research contributes to the advancement of effective strategies for the sustainable management of plastic waste.
RESUMO
Four COVID-19 vaccines are approved for use in Australia: Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 (Comirnaty), AstraZeneca ChAdOx1 (Vaxzevria), Moderna mRNA-1273 (Spikevax) and Novavax NVX-CoV2373 (Nuvaxovid). We sought to examine adverse events following immunisation (AEFI) at days 3 and 42 after primary doses 1, 2, 3 and booster. We conducted active vaccine safety surveillance from 130 community pharmacies in Australia integrated with AusVaxSafety, between August 2021-April 2022. Main outcomes: AEFI at 0-3 days post-vaccination; medical review/advice at 3 days and 42 days post-vaccination; SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection by day 42. Of 110,024 completed day 3 surveys (43.6% response rate), 50,367 (45.8%) reported any AEFI (highest proportions: Pfizer 42%, primary dose 3; AstraZeneca 58.3%, primary dose 1; Moderna 65.4% and Novavax 58.8%, both primary dose 2). The most common AEFI reported across all doses/vaccines were local reactions, systemic aches and fatigue/tiredness. Overall, 2172/110,024 (2.0%) and 1182/55,329 (2.1%) respondents sought medical review at days 3 and 42, respectively, and 931/42,318 (2.2%) reported breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection at day 42. We identified similar AEFI profiles but at lower proportions than previously reported for Pfizer, AstraZeneca, Moderna and Novavax COVID-19 vaccines. Moderna vaccine was the most reactogenic and associated with higher AEFI proportions across primary doses 2, 3, and booster.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Four COVID-19 vaccines are approved for use in Australia: Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 (Comirnaty), AstraZeneca ChAdOx1 (Vaxzevria), Moderna mRNA-1273 (Spikevax), and Novavax NVX-CoV2373 (Nuvaxovid). We sought to examine the type and management of immediate adverse events following immunisation (I-AEFI) after COVID-19 vaccination. METHODS: Retrospective review of I-AEFI recorded between July 2021 and June 2022 in 314 community pharmacies in Australia. RESULTS: I-AEFI were recorded in 0.05% (n = 526/977,559) of all COVID-19 vaccinations (highest: AstraZeneca (n = 173/161,857; 0.11%); lowest: Pfizer (n = 50/258,606; 0.02%)). The most common reactions were: (1) syncope, after the first dose of AstraZeneca (n = 105/67,907; 0.15%), Moderna (n = 156/108,339; 0.14%), and Pfizer (n = 22/16,287; 0.14%); and (2) Nausea/vomiting after the first dose of Pfizer (n = 9/16,287; 0.06%), Moderna (n = 55/108,339; 0.05%), and AstraZeneca (n = 31/67,907; 0.05%) vaccines. A total of 23 anaphylactic reactions were recorded (n = 23/977,559; 0.002%), and 59 additional I-AEFI were identified using MedDRA® terminology. Pharmacists primarily managed syncope by laying the patient down (n = 227/342; 66.4%); nausea/vomiting was managed primarily by laying the patient down (n = 62/126; 49.2%), giving water (n = 38/126; 30.2%), or monitoring in the pharmacy (n = 29/126; 23.0%); anaphylactic reaction was treated with adrenaline (n = 18/23; 78.3%) and n = 13/23 (56.5%) anaphylactic reactions were treated with the combination of: administered adrenaline, called ambulance, and laid patient down. CONCLUSION: The most commonly recorded I-AEFI was syncope after COVID-19 vaccination in pharmacy; I-AEFI are similar to those previously reported. Pharmacists identified and managed serious and non-serious I-AEFI appropriately and comprehensively.
