Deep Learning-Based Classification and Semantic Segmentation of Lung Tuberculosis Lesions in Chest X-ray Images.

We present a deep learning (DL) network-based approach for detecting and semantically segmenting two specific types of tuberculosis (TB) lesions in chest X-ray (CXR) images. In the proposed method, we use a basic U-Net model and its enhanced versions to detect, classify, and segment TB lesions in CXR images. The model architectures used in this study are U-Net, Attention U-Net, U-Net++, Attention U-Net++, and pyramid spatial pooling (PSP) Attention U-Net++, which are optimized and compared based on the test results of each model to find the best parameters. Finally, we use four ensemble approaches which combine the top five models to further improve lesion classification and segmentation results. In the training stage, we use data augmentation and preprocessing methods to increase the number and strength of lesion features in CXR images, respectively. Our dataset consists of 110 training, 14 validation, and 98 test images. The experimental results show that the proposed ensemble model achieves a maximum mean intersection-over-union (MIoU) of 0.70, a mean precision rate of 0.88, a mean recall rate of 0.75, a mean F1-score of 0.81, and an accuracy of 1.0, which are all better than those of only using a single-network model. The proposed method can be used by clinicians as a diagnostic tool assisting in the examination of TB lesions in CXR images.

[Effect of Soluble CD40L on Leukemia K562 Cells and Its Mechanism].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of sCD40L on biological behavior of leukemia cell line K562 and the possible mechanism. METHODS: The different concentration of sCD40L was used to treat K562 cells, and the optimum concentration of sCD40L was screened by detecting the proliferation inhibition rate of K562 cells. The optimum concentration of sCD40L was used to treat K562 cells, the cell apoptosis rate and expression level of P53 and BCL-2 were detected by flow cytometry and the expression levels of Caspase 8 and Caspase 3 were detected by ELISA. RESULTS: The optimum concentration of sCD40L was 4 µg/ml. After treated with sCD40L, the cell apoptosis rate, the expression of apoptosis-related factor P53 and the expression of Caspase 8 and Caspase 3 were significantly up-regulated in K562 cells,but the expression of BCL-2 was significantly down-regulated. CONCLUSION: 4 µg/ml sCD40L can inhibit the cell proliferation and promote the apoptosis of K562 cells, its mechanism may be related with mitochondrial and P53 pathway.