[Response characteristics of tislelizumab combined with chemotherapy in first-line treatment of locally advanced or metastatic non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer].

Objective: To investigate the response characteristics of patients with locally advanced/metastatic non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer (nsq-NSCLC) treated with tislelizumab in combination with chemotherapy in the first line. Methods: Patients with nsq-NSCLC who achieved complete or partial remission after treatment with tislelizumab in combination with chemotherapy or chemotherapy alone in the RATIONALE 304 study, as assessed by an independent review board, were selected to analyze the response characteristics and safety profile of the responders. Time to response (TTR) was defined as the time from randomization to the achievement of first objective response. Depth of response (DpR) was defined as the maximum percentage of tumor shrinkage compared with the sum of the baseline target lesion length diameters. Results: As of January 23, 2020, 128 patients treated with tislelizumab in combination with chemotherapy achieved objective tumor response (responders), representing 57.4%(128/223) of the intention-to-treat population, with a TTR of 5.1 to 33.3 weeks and a median TTR of 7.9 weeks. Of the responders (128), 50.8%(65) achieved first remission at the first efficacy assessment (week 6), 31.3%(40) at the second efficacy assessment (week 12), and 18.0%(23) at the third and subsequent tumor assessments. The percentages of responders who achieved a depth of tumor response of 30% to <50%, 50% to <70% and 70% to 100% were 45.3%(58/128), 28.1%(36/128) and 26.6%(34/128), respectively, with median progression-free survival (PFS) of 9.0 months (95% CI: 7.7 to 9.9 months), 11.5 months (95% CI: 7.7 months to not reached) and not reached (95% CI: 11.8 months to not estimable), respectively. Tislelizumab plus chemotherapy were generally well tolerated in responders with similar safety profile to the overall safety population. Conclusion: Among responders to tislelizumab in combination with chemotherapy for nsq-NSCLC, 82.0%(105/128) achieves response within the first two tumor assessments (12 weeks) and 18.0%(23/128) achieves response at later (18 to 33 weeks) assessments, and there is a trend toward prolonged PFS in responders with deeper tumor response.

[The effects of sequence of radiotherapy and chemotherapy on prognosis of patients with early-stage extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma (nasal type) and its individualized application].

Objective: To analyze the effects of the sequence of radiotherapy and chemotherapy on the efficacy of early-stage extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma (nasal type, ENKTCL) patients, and to provide a quantitative evaluation method for individualized radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Methods: The Chinese Lymphoma Collaborative Group (CLCG) collected the clinical data of 2 008 patients with early-stage Ⅰ/Ⅱ ENKTCL who received radiotherapy and chemotherapy from January 2000 to early September 2019 from 21 hospitals across the country, including 1 417 males and 591 females, aged 2 to 83 (42±14) years. According to the sequence of radiotherapy and chemotherapy, patients were divided into radiotherapy-first group (388 cases) and chemotherapy-first group (1 620 cases). Survival rate was estimated using Kaplan-Meier method, and multivariate Cox proportional risk model was used to screen and identify independent prognostic factors. The prognostic prediction models of the two therapies were constructed separately, and the models were used to predict the individualized mortality risk of all patients to determine the appropriate radiotherapy and chemotherapy regimen for each patient. Results: The 5-year overall survival rate was 74.2% (95%CI: 69.6%-79.2%) in the radiotherapy-first group and 69.7% (95%CI: 67.1%-72.4%) in the chemotherapy-first group. Although the 5-year overall survival rate of patients in the radiotherapy-first group was numerically higher than that of the chemotherapy-first group, the difference was not statistically significant (χ2= 2.26, HR=0.84 (95%CI: 0.68-1.05), P=0.133). Six variables including age, gender, ECOG score, LDH, Ann Arbor staging, and PTI (primary tumor invasion) were screened out as independent prognostic factors (the chemotherapy-first group: HR were 1.01, 1.25, 2.07, 0.77, 1.34, 1.49, respectively, all P<0.05; radiotherapy-first group: HR were 1.02, 1.31, 1.66, 0.78, 1.37, 1.29, all P>0.05). The mean 5-year predicted mortality risk for all patients receiving radiotherapy-first regimen was lower than those receiving chemotherapy-first regimen (26.8% vs 30.2%, P<0.001). There were individualized differences in the predicted mortality risk of patients with different clinical characteristics who received radiotherapy-first regimen or chemotherapy-first regimen. Conclusion: Patients with stage Ⅰ/Ⅱ ENKTCL treated with radiotherapy-first regimen had a better expected prognosis than patients treated with chemotherapy-first regimen. The quantitative assessment of the differential effects of the sequence of radiotherapy and chemotherapy on the mortality risk of individual patients based on their clinical characteristics was helpful for the clinical development of the optimal radiotherapy and chemotherapy plan for each patient.

[Outcome of radiotherapy for low-risk early-stage patients with extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal-type].

Objective: To evaluate the prognosis and determine the failure patterns after radiotherapy for low-risk early-stage patients with extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal-type (ENKTCL). Methods: A total of 557 patients from 2000-2015 with low-risk early-stage ENKTCL who received radiotherapy (RT) with or without chemotherapy (CT) from China Lymphoma Collaborative Group were retrospectively reviewed. Among them, 427 patients received combined modality therapy, whereas 130 patients received RT alone. Survivals were calculated by Kaplan-Meier method and compared with Log-rank test. Overall survival (OS) was compared with age and sex-matched general Chinese population using expected survival and standardized mortality ratio (SMR). Cox stepwise regression model was used for multivariate analysis. Results: The 5-year OS and progression-free survival (PFS) were 87.2% and 77.2%. The SMR was 3.59 (P<0.001) at 1 year after treatment, whereas it was 1.50 at 4 years after treatment, without significant difference between ENKTCL group and country-matched general population (P=0.146). Compared with RT alone, CMT did not result in significantly superior 5-year OS (87.0% vs 87.4%, P=0.961) or PFS (76.1% vs 80.7%, P=0.129). Local failure (11.5%, 64/557) and distant failure (10.8%, 60/557) were the main failure modes, while regional failure was rare (2.9%, 16/557). The 5-year locoregional control rate (LRC) was 87.2% for the whole group, with 89.5% for ≥50 Gy versus 73.7% for <50 Gy (P<0.001). Radiotherapy dose was an independent factor affecting LRC(P<0.05). Conclusions: Radiotherapy achieves a favorable prognosis in patients with low-risk early-stage ENKTCL. The incidence of either locoregional or distant failure is low. Radiation dose still is an important prognostic factor for LRC.

[Long-term efficacy and safety of simultaneous integrated boost radiotherapy in non-operative esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a multicenter retrospective data analysis (3JECROG R-05)].

Objective: To analyze the survival benefits and treatment related toxic effects of simultaneous integrated boost intensity-modulated radiotherapy (SIB-RT) for non-operative esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients. Methods: The data of 2 132 ESCC patients who were not suitable for surgery or rejected operation, and underwent radical radiotherapy from 2002 to 2016 in 10 hospitals of Jing-Jin-Ji Esophageal and Esophagogastric Cancer Radiotherapy Oncology Group (3JECROG) were analyzed. Among them, 518 (24.3%) cases underwent SIB (SIB group) and 1 614 (75.7%) cases did not receive SIB (No-SIB group). The two groups were matched with 1∶2 according to propensity score matching (PSM) method (caliper value=0.02). After PSM, 515 patients in SIB group and 977 patients in No-SIB group were enrolled. Prognosis and treatment related adverse effects of these two groups were compared and the independent prognostic factor were analyzed. Results: The median follow-up time was 61.7 months. Prior to PSM, the 1-, 3-, and 5-years overall survival (OS) rates of SIB group were 72.2%, 42.8%, 35.5%, while of No-SIB group were 74.3%, 41.4%, 31.9%, respectively (P=0.549). After PSM, the 1-, 3-, and 5-years OS rates of the two groups were 72.5%, 43.4%, 36.4% and 75.3%, 41.7%, 31.6%, respectively (P=0.690). The univariate survival analysis of samples after PSM showed that the lesion location, length, T stage, N stage, TNM stage, simultaneous chemoradiotherapy, gross tumor volume (GTV) and underwent SIB-RT or not were significantly associated with the prognosis of advanced esophageal carcinoma patients who underwent radical radiotherapy (P<0.05). Cox model multivariate regression analysis showed lesion location, TNM stage, GTV and simultaneous chemoradiotherapy were independent prognostic factors of advanced esophageal carcinoma patients who underwent radical radiotherapy (P<0.05). Stratified analysis showed that, in the patients whose GTV volume≤50 cm(3), the median survival time of SIB and No-SIB group was 34.7 and 30.3 months (P=0.155), respectively. In the patients whose GTV volume>50 cm(3), the median survival time of SIB and No-SIB group was 16.1 and 20.1 months (P=0.218). The incidence of radiation esophagitis and radiation pneumonitis above Grade 3 in SIB group were 4.3% and 2.5%, significantly lower than 13.1% and 11% of No-SIB group (P<0.001). Conclusions: The survival benefit of SIB-RT in patients with locally advanced esophageal carcinoma is not inferior to non-SIB-RT, but without more adverse reactions, and shortens the treatment time. SIB-RT can be used as one option of the radical radiotherapy for locally advanced esophageal cancer.

[Clinical features and treatment outcome of extranodal nasal-type NK/T-cell lymphoma of the extra-upper aerodigestive tract].

Objective: To investigate the clinical features and prognosis of extranodal nasal-type NK/T-cell lymphoma of the extra-upper aerodigestive tract (extra-UADT NKTCL). Methods: The clinical data of 159 patients with extra-UADT NKTCL from the China Lymphoma Collaborative Group (CLCG) database between November 2001 and December 2015 were retrospectively analyzed. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Log-rank test were used to evaluate the prognosis. The Cox regression model is used for multi-factor analysis. Results: Extra-UADT NKTCL commonly occurs in skin and soft tissues (106/159, 66.7%) and gastrointestinal tract (31/159, 19.5%). The incidences of elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and Ann Arbor Ⅲ~Ⅳ stage were 47.8% (76/159) and 64.2% (102/159), respectively. The 3-year overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) rates were 43.6% and 27.9%, respectively. The corresponding OS rates of primary skin/soft tissue site and gastrointestinal tract site were 41.0% and 59.4% (P=0.281), while the PFS rates were 24.8% and 48.3%, respectively (P=0.109). Combined modality treatment improved the 3-year OS of all the patients (58.4% vs 33.9%, P=0.001) and 3-year PFS (40.7% vs 20.7%, P=0.008) when compared with chemotherapy alone. LDH elevation, Ann Arbor synthesising and ≥2 junction external bits were intrusive as independent risk factors for total survival (P<0.05), LDH elevation and ≥2 junction outer bits were intrusive as independent risk factors for progressionless survival(P<0.05). The distant extranodal dissemination was the primary failure patterns. Conclusions: Extra-UADT NKTCL appears to have distinct clinical characteristics and poor outcome. Compared with chemotherapy alone, combined modality treatment may improve the prognosis of patients with extra-UADT NKTCL.

[Efficacy and safety of Kangbingdu granules in the treatment of influenza: a randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, positive-drug parallel control multicenter clinical trial].

Objective: To observe the efficacy and safety of Kangbingdu granules (KBD) in the treatment of influenza. Methods: A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, and positive-drug parallel control trial was conducted in 27 Grade ⅢA hospitals in China and the subjects were randomly assigned to the KBD test group or the oseltamivir phosphate capsule control group at a ratio of 1∶1. 200 subjects were planned to be enrolled in each group. The experimental group was given KBD (18g each time, 3 times a day) and oseltamivir phosphate simulator orally, while the control group was given oseltamivir phosphate capsule (75 mg each time, twice a day) and KBD simulator orally for 5 days. The primary efficacy indicators included the remission time of major clinical symptoms and the time of complete defervescence. The secondary efficacy indicators included dosage of acetaminophen, the change of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) syndrome score and the remission time of other important clinical symptoms. The efficacy of KBD in the test group and Oseltamivir phosphate control group were compared. Adverse events or adverse reactions were observed at the same time to evaluate the safety of KBD Granules. Results: A total of 393 subjects from 27 Grade ⅢA hospitals in China were enrolled. The experimental group included 195 subjects and 191 subjects (97.95%) completed the trial, While the control group included 198 subjects and 195 subjects (98.48%) completed the trial. There was no significant difference in the shedding rate and rejection rate between the two groups (P>0.05). In the Full Analysis Set (FAS), the mean age of the experimental group was (34.9±14.4) years old, with 83 males (42.78%). The mean age of the control group was (33.3±13.5) years old, with 78 males (39.59%). There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in demographic data, physical examination, viral pathogen detection, total score of TCM syndromes and scores of each symptom at baseline (P>0.05). In the FAS, the remission time M (Q1, Q3) of major clinical symptoms was 3.0 (3.0, 4.0) days in the experimental group and 3.0 (3.0, 4.0) days in the control group, and the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). The time M (Q1, Q3) of complete defervescence was 34.0 (20.3, 49.0) hours in the experimental group and 36.5 (19.6, 48.8) hours in the control group, and the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). KBD granules had the same effect as Oseltamivir phosphate capsule (P>0.05) in terms of acetaminophen dosage, TCM syndrome effect and disappearance rate of most important clinical symptoms. Meanwhile, the disappearance rate of dizziness and chest distress on day 3 in the KBD granules group was better than that of oseltamivir phosphate capsule (P<0.05). Conclusion: KBD granules have the same efficacy as Oseltamivir Phosphate capsule in the treatment of influenza and the drug safety is good.

[Efficacy analysis of the radiotherapy and chemotherapy in patients with stage â £ esophageal squamous carcinoma: a multicenter retrospective study of Jing-Jin-Ji Esophageal and Esophagogastric Cancer Radiotherapy Oncology Group (3JECROG R-01F)].

Objective: To evaluate the survival and prognostic factors of radiotherapy in patient with Ⅳ stage esophageal squamous carcinoma treated with radiation or chemoradiation. Methods: The medical records of 608 patients with stage Ⅳ esophageal squamous cell carcinoma who met the inclusion criteria in 10 medical centers in China from 2002 to 2016 were retrospectively analyzed. The overall survival and prognostic factors of all patients at 1, 3 and 5 years were analyzed. Results: The 1-, 3-, 5- year overall survival (OS) rates was 66.7%, 29.5% and 24.3% in stage ⅣA patients, and 58.8%, 29.0% and 23.5% in stage ⅣB patients. There was no statistical difference between the two groups (P=0.255). Univariate analysis demonstrated that the length of lesion, treatment plan, planned tumor target volume (PGTV) dose, subsequent chemotherapy, and degrees of anemia, radiation esophagitis, radiation pneumonia were related to the prognoses of patients with Ⅳ stage esophageal carcinomas after radiotherapy and chemotherapy (P<0.05). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that PGTV dose (OR=0.693, P=0.004), radiation esophagitis (OR=0.867, P=0.038), and radiation pneumonia (OR=1.181, P=0.004) were independent prognostic factors for OS. Conclusions: For patients with stage Ⅳ esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, chemoradiotherapy followed by sequential chemotherapy is recommended, which can extend the total survival and improve the prognosis of the patients. PGTV dose more than 60 Gy has better efficacy.

Identification of lung adenocarcinoma-specific exosome RNAs in peripheral blood by RNA-Seq analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Several plasma-derived exosome RNAs have been identified as key regulators in cancer development. They have been considered as potential biomarkers for a non-invasive "liquid biopsy" to diagnose and assess the progression of cancer. This study aimed to identify human lung adenocarcinoma-specific exosome RNAs in peripheral blood, while assessing the feasibility and efficiency of this recently developed deep-sequencing technology for transcriptome profiling. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Plasma-derived exosome RNAs were isolated from 13 lung adenocarcinoma patients, 3 patients with benign lung diseases, and 15 healthy volunteers. RNA-seq analysis of ribosomal RNA-depleted total RNA was performed. RNAs differentially expressed between lung adenocarcinoma and benign lung diseases or healthy volunteers were identified, followed by GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses for the identification of key exosome RNAs associated with lung adenocarcinomas. RESULTS: Significant differentially expressed RNAs, such as UDP glucuronosyltransferase family 1 member A1 (UGT1A1) and BAI1-associated protein 2 like 1 (BAIAP2L1), were identified as differentially expressed between lung adenocarcinoma patients and patients with benign lung diseases. Eight pseudogenes, including Tropomyosin 1 (Alpha) Pseudogene (LOC100129096), Prothymosin, Alpha Pseudogene 2 (PTMAP2), Cell Division Cycle 14C, Pseudogene (CDC14C), Tropomyosin 1 (Alpha) Pseudogene (LOC643634), Ferritin Heavy Chain 1 Pseudogene 2 (FTH1P2), Actin Related Protein 2/3 Complex Subunit 3 Pseudogene 3 (ARPC3P3), Ferritin Heavy Chain 1 Pseudogene 11 (FTH1P11), and Prothymosin Alpha Pseudogene 5 (PTMAP5) were identified from plasma-derived exosomes in lung adenocarcinoma patients, who were more abundant/detectable than healthy volunteers. CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicate that plasma-derived exosome RNAs, UGT1A1, and BAIAP2L1, as well as the eight isolated pseudogenes could serve as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for an effective non-invasive "liquid biopsy" of lung adenocarcinomas.

[Prognostic analysis of definitive radiotherapy for early esophageal carcinoma(T1-2N0M0): a multi-center retrospective study of Jing-Jin-ji Esophageal and Esophagogastric Cancer Radiotherapy Oncology Group].

Objective: To evaluate the prognostic factors of T1-2N0M0 esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) treated with definitive radiotherapy. Methods: The clinical data of 196 patients with T1-2N0M0 ESCC who were treated with definitive radiotherapy in 10 hospitals were retrospectively analyzed. All sites were members of Jing-Jin-Ji Esophageal and Esophagogastric Cancer Radiotherapy Oncology Group (3JECROG). Radiochemotherapy were applied to 78 patients, while the other 118 patients received radiotherapy only. 96 patients were treated with three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT) and 100 treated with intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT). The median dose of plan target volume(PTV) and gross target volume(GTV) were both 60 Gy. The median follow-up time was 59.2 months. Log rank test and Cox regression analysis were used for univariat and multivariate analysis, respectively. Results: The percentage of normal lung receiving at least 20 Gy (V(20)) was (18.65±7.20)%, with average dose of (10.81±42.05) Gy. The percentage of normal heart receiving at least 30 Gy (V(30)) was (14.21±12.28)%. The maximum dose of exposure in spinal cord was (39.65±8.13) Gy. The incidence of radiation pneumonia and radiation esophagitis were 14.80%(29/196) and 65.82%(129/196), respectively. The adverse events were mostly grade 1-2, without grade 4 toxicity. Median overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were 70.1 months and 62.3 months, respectively. The 1-, 3- and 5-year OS rates of all patients were 75.1%、57.4% and 53.2%, respectively. The 1-, 3- and 5-year PFS rates were 75.1%、57.4% and 53.2%, respectively. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that patients'age (HR=1.023, P=0.038) and tumor diameter (HR=1.243, P=0.028)were the independent prognostic factors for OS, while tumor volume were the independent prognostic factor for PFS. Conclusions: Definitive radiotherapy is a promising therapeutic method in patients with T1-2N0M0 ESCC. Patients' age, tumor diameter and tumor volume may impact patients' prognosis.

Low pretreatment PNI correlates with worse survival in patients with stage III/IV NSCLC who received chemotherapy.

The aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic value of the prognostic nutritional index (PNI) on the long-term survival of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients who received platinum-based chemotherapy. Data on nutritional parameters and clinicopathological characteristics [e.g., albumin, total protein, body mass index (BMI), eastern cooperative oncology group (ECOG) performance status, stage, pathology, treatment strategy] were analyzed and retrospectively correlated with overall survival (OS). The PNI was calculated based on the concentration of albumin and lymphocyte count [10 × albumin, (g/dl) + 0.005 × lymphocyte (count/mm3)]. A receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis was used to find the optimal cut-off value of PNI. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to evaluate the prognostic value of PNI. A total of 186 patients met the inclusion criteria. The optimal cut-off value for PNI was 50.45. Compared with the parameters of the low PNI group (n=76), high PNI was significantly associated with adenocarcinoma type, stage III, better ECOG and comprehensive treatment modality. The univariate analysis demonstrated that OS was superior when PNI ≥50.45, albumin ≥35 g/l, platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) ≥163 and ECOG <2, and when the patient received a comprehensive treatment modality. In the multivariate analysis, PNI, TNM stage and treatment strategy were identified as independent predictors of survival in this study. This retrospective study demonstrated that a low PNI was related to worse overall survival in patients with stage III/IV NSCLC who received platinum-based chemotherapy. These data provided a conceptual basis for further research on the clinical application of the PNI index for patients receiving chemotherapy for intermediate- and advanced-stage NSCLC.

[Association between dust exposure and the risk of hypertension of male coal miners in Henan Province].

Objective: To explore the association between dust exposure and the incidence of hypertension in male coal miners. Methods: Using the method of retrospective cohort study,a hypertension cohort of colliery in Henan Province was established in January 2006. From 2006 to 2017,all the male coal miners in a colliery who were exposed to dust were selected into the exposure group including tunneling, mining,auxiliary and combining workers, and workers from administrative logistics departments who were not exposed to dust were selected into the control group. The eligible participants should satisfy following conditions: working more than one year, with clear and complete record of occupation change, and with complete archives and reliable diagnosis of occupational health surveillance. The exclusion criteria of participants were with hypertension at the baseline of study or with heart,liver,kidney diseases and malignant tumors. A total of 12 647 participants were enrolled in this study (11 663 in the exposure group and 984 in the control group). The follow-up period was from January 2006 to December 2017,with a total follow-up of 89 259.75 person-years. Questionnaires and physical measurements were used to collect general demographic characteristics, occupational exposure history and occupational health surveillance data of all participants. The Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to estimate the association between the dust exposure and the incidence of hypertension. Results: During the follow-up period, 2 549 new-onset hypertension patients were identified with an incidence density of hypertension about 2 855.71 per 100 000 person-years. The incidence density of hypertension was 2 967.58 per 100 000 person-years in the exposure group, and 1 643.85 per 100 000 person-years in the control group. The results of multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression model showed that after the adjustment of marriage, age, smoking, alcohol drinking and body mass index,the risk of hypertension was higher in the exposure group compared with the control group (HR=1.692, 95%CI: 1.410-2.032). Further analysis showed that compared with workers from administrative logistics departments,the risk of hypertension in tunneling,mining and auxiliary working was 1.629(1.345-1.973),1.677(1.374-2.046) and 1.782(1.475-2.151),respectively. Conclusion: Dust exposure may increase the risk of hypertension in male coal miners.

miR-375 inhibits the proliferation and invasion of glioblastoma by regulating Wnt5a.

The aberrant expression of microRNA-375 (miR-375) has been proved to be associated with carcinogenesis. However, the role of miR-375 in glioblastoma (GBM) remains unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate biological functions and its molecular mechanisms of miR-375 in GBM cells. In this study, real-time PCR results showed that the level of miR-375 expression in GBM tissues and GBM cell lines (U87 and U251) was decreased. Using MTT assay, Transwell migration and invasion assay, we demonstrated that miR-375 overexpression significantly suppress cell proliferation, cell migration and cell invasion capacity in U87 and U251 cells. However, downregulation of miR-375 had reverse effects on cell proliferation, migration and invasion. Targeting association analysis, dual luciferase assay, RT-PCR and western blot analysis results confirmed that miR-375 could target the 3'UTR of Wnt5a mRNA and regulated its protein expression. Further studies also find overexpression of Wnt5a could significantly reverse miR-375-mediated proliferation, migration and invasion on U87 and U251 cells. Therefore, we concluded that miR-375 inhibited the proliferation and invasion of GBM by regulating Wnt5a and might be a possible therapeutic agent for GBM.

Rectal Temperature of Corpse and Estimation of Postmortem Interval.

ABSTRACT: Measurement of corpse temperature is mainly used for estimation of early postmortem interval, and rectal temperature is often used as a representative of body's core temperature in actual work because it is simple, quick and non-invasive. At present, the rectal temperature postmortem interval estimation method internationally accepted and widely used is HENSSGE's nomogram method, while many domestic scholars also deduced their own regression equations through a large number of case data. Estimation of postmortem interval based on rectal temperature still needs further study. The nomogram method needs to be optimized and extended, and quantification of its influencing factors needs to be dealt with more scientifically. There is still a lack of consensus on the probability and duration of the temperature plateau. There is no clear understanding of the probability and extent of the change in initial temperature caused by various causes. New methods and ideas enrich methodological research, but it still lacks systemicity and practicality. This article reviews the researches on estimation of postmortem interval based on rectal temperature in order to summarize the current situation of previous researches and seek new breakthrough points. Because the decline of body temperature can be easily influenced by many factors in vitro and vivo, and the influencing factors in different regions vary greatly, regionalization research and application may be a practical exploration to improve the accuracy of postmortem interval determination.

[Diurnal rhythm of fetal heart rate in third trimester of pregnancy].

Objective: To investigate the diurnal rhythms of fetal heart rate in third trimester of pregnancy. Methods: From June 2014 and October 2017, 97 cases of low-risk pregnancy women who received antenatal care and deliveried in Peking University Third Hospital were collected. Totally 130 cases of fetal heart rate and maternal holter monitoring data were analyzed. All cases were singleton pregnancy, cephalic position and had normal perinatal outcome. They were divided into three groups based on gestational age, 29 cases (22.3%,29/130) in pregnancy 28-33(+6) weeks, 37 cases (28.5%,37/130) in 34-36(+6) weeks, and 64 cases (49.2%, 64/130) in 37-40(+6) weeks. Fetal heart baseline (FHB) , fetal heart baseline variation (FHBV) , fetal heart rate acceleration area and maternal heart rate were acquired by computer, their diurnal rhythms and the differences among three groups were analyzed. Results: FHB、FHBV、fetal heart rate acceleration area and maternal heart rate all presented diurnal rhythms. (1) FHB rose in daytime and decreased at night with the minimum value at 2:00-5:00, and didn't decline further at night with the advancing of gestational age (P=0.548). (2) FHBV was similar to FHB, which rose in daytime and decreased at night, but declined smaller at night with the advancing of gestational age, especially after 37 weeks (P<0.01). (3) Fetal heart rate acceleration area reduced in daytime and enlarged at night, and enlarged more with the advancing of gestational age. (4) The diurnal rhythm of maternal heart rate was consistent with fetal heart rate. FHB lagged behind maternal heart rate for 1-2 hours when declining to the nocturnal nadir but been basically in sync with maternal heart rate when recovered. Conclusion: The basic characteristics of fetal heart rate in normal pregnancy exist obviously diurnal rhythms, and change in different trends with the advancing of gestational age.

Fulvestrant inhibits the glycolysis of prolactinoma GH3 cells by downregulating IRE1/XBP1 signaling pathway.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate the effects of fulvestrant on the glycolysis of prolactinoma GH3 cells, and reveal the potential regulatory mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Prolactinoma cell line GH3 was treated with different concentrations of fulvestrant (0, 0.12, 0.25, 0.5 and 1 ng/ml) for 4 h. siRNAs XBP1s and XBP1u were constructed to treat GH3 cells. The expression levels of XBP1s, XBP1u, IRE1, PKM2 and GRP78 of GH3 cells were detected by Western blot. Meanwhile, the glycolytic activity of GH3 cells, including the glucose uptake, ATP/ADP, and lactate production were detected. RESULTS: The expression levels of XBP1s and XBP1u were significantly inhibited by fulvestrant in a dose-dependent manner. The glucose uptake, ATP/ADP and lactate production of GH3 cells were significantly inhibited by fulvestrant as well as siRNA XBP1s and XBP1u (p < 0.05). Western blot analysis suggested that the expression levels of IRE1, PKM2 and GRP78 were significantly decreased in GH3 cells treated by fulvestrant as well as siRNA XBP1s and XBP1u, compared with those in normal control (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Fulvestrant could inhibit the glycolysis of GH3 cells by downregulating IRE1/XBP1 signaling pathway, and this process was closely related with the downregulation of PKM2.

[Characteristics and drug resistance of non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing E. coli in animal feces, from Shandong Province].

Objective: To understand the infection status, characteristics and drug resistance of non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) in animal feces in Shandong Province. Methods: From 2015 to 2016, convient sampling method was used to collect 1 022 fresh feces of animals in Weishan county and Laizhou city, and 24 non-O157 STEC were isolated. The serotypes of non-O157 STEC strains were confirmed through serum agglutination test. The susceptibility was explored through the antimicrobial sensitivity experiments. ESBLs activity was confirmed by double-disc diffusion. PCR method was used to detect the resistance genes. PFGE typing was operated to assess the relatedness and variability of the strains. The multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) was adopted to get the allelic profile and ST sequence of strains. Analysis was made on the evolutionary relationship between different ST groups was made through CLC Sequence Viewer and Counting Express. Results: A total of 24 non-O157 STEC were isolated from animal feces. 23 strains were from pig feces, and 1 strain was from cow feces, and the serotypes were more dispersed. All of the 24 strains carried stx2 genes. The highest resistance rate was sulfamethoxazole(22 strains), the mount of cotrimoxazole and nalidixic acid was 18 strains, chloramphenicol was 13 strains, tetracycline was 19, and there was a phenomenon of multiple drug resistance. The drug resistance spectrum was sulfamethoxazole tetracycline-compound novammin-naphthidine-chloramphenicol. All strains were sensitive to cefepime and imipenem. The ESBLs confirmatory test showed that 4 strains of non O157 STEC produced beta lactamase. PCR detected 7 resistance genes, and 4 tetracycline resistance genes (Tet A, Tet B, tetC and tetD) were detected. The beta lactamase resistance genes (blaSHV-1, bla CTX-M, bla TEM) were all negative. 24 strains were divided into 15 PFGE types, and their clustering results were more dispersed and no dominant PFGE type. There were 11 kinds of MLST types, most of them are ST540 and ST5133 types, each of which was 4 strains, and clustered into 1 MLST genomes. Conclusion: The serotypes of non-O157 STEC in animal feces O157 STEC were dispersed, and the resistant rate to common antibiotic was high. MLST typing results presents obvious polymorphism. Surveillance and manage ment of these strains should be strengthened.

First Report of Cherry mottle leaf virus Infecting Cherry in China.

Cherry mottle leaf virus (CMLV) is a member of the genus Trichovirus (family Betaflexiviridae). CMLV infects several species of the genus Prunus including cherry (Prunus avium) and peach (P. persica) (2,3). It is spread via budding and grafting with infected wood and can be transmitted from infected bitter cherry (P. emarginata), or infected but symptomless peach trees to healthy sweet cherry trees by the bud mite (Eriophyes inaequalis) (1). On susceptible sweet cherry cultivars, CMLV causes symptoms such as chlorotic mottle-leaf pattern, distortion, puckering of younger leaves, and small fruits that ripen late (1), which may lead to severe economic losses in some cultivars. Cherry is one of the most important fruit tree species in North China, and Shandong Province is one of the major cherry production areas. In June 2013, a survey of possible CMLV presence was conducted in a cherry orchard planted in 1996 in Zoucheng city, Shandong. The sweet cherry cultivars in this orchard included Black Tartarian, Bing, Hongdeng (a hybrid between cvs. Napoleon and Huangyu), and others; the rootstock cultivar utilized to graft these cultivars was mountain cherry (P. tomentosa). During the survey, characteristic symptoms on leaves such as leaf mottling, distortion, and puckering similar to those caused by CMLV were observed on some trees of the cv. Hongdeng, and the symptomatic trees accounted for ~10% of the total trees of this cultivar. Five symptomatic cherry leaf samples and three healthy-looking cherry leaf samples of cv. Hongdeng were collected. Total RNA extracted from the leaf samples using RNeasy plant mini kit (Qiagen Inc., Valencia, CA) was subjected to first strand cDNA synthesis with the reverse primer CMLV-3R (5'-CTCGAGAACACAGAGATTTGTCGAGAC-3', sequence in italics indicates restriction site XhoI) and M-MLV reverse transcriptase (Promega, Madison, WI) according to the manufacturer's instruction. The cDNA was then used as template in the PCR assay using primers CMLV-5F (5'-GGATCCATGTCGGCGCGATTGAATC-3', sequence in italics indicates restriction site BamHI) and CMLV-3R, which amplify the genome fragment including the capsid protein gene of CMLV. The expected PCR product ~590 bp was amplified from all five symptomatic samples, while no such PCR product was amplified from the symptomless samples. The PCR products were cloned into pMD18-T vector (TaKaRa, Dalian, China). Three positive clones for each of the five amplicons were sequenced in both directions. Sequence alignment and nucleotide BLAST analysis of the sequences revealed that they were 99% to 100% identical to the corresponding capsid protein gene sequence of a cherry isolate of CMLV (GenBank Accession No. AF170028) and 85% identical with that of the peach wart strain of CMLV (KC207480). Our results confirm the infection of cherry trees by CMLV in Shandong. To our knowledge, this is the first report of CMLV on cherry in China. As the spread of CMLV by mite vector in the field is rare (1), and no bud mite outbreak had occurred in this orchard in the past years, so it is possible that virus-infected propagation materials are largely responsible for the spread of this virus. Considering the importance of cherry cultivation in China, this report prompts the need to survey the occurrence of this virus in Shandong and other provinces, and the need to develop more effective management strategies such as the use of certified virus-free nursery stocks to reduce the impact of CMLV. References: (1) J. E. Adaskaveg et al. Diseases. Page 61 in: UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines: Cherry. University of California ANR Publication 3444, 2014. (2) D. James et al. Arch. Virol. 145:995, 2000. (3) T. A. Mekuria et al. Arch. Virol. 158:2201, 2013.

First Report of Hosta virus X Infecting Hosta Plants in China.

Hosta (Hosta spp.) plants showing leaf deformation, puckering, and ink-bleed symptoms were collected in July 2012 from a park at Dongcheng district, Beijing, China. Three out of six samples tested positive for Hosta virus X (HVX) by immunostrip and double-antibody sandwich (DAS)-ELISA with HVX-specific serological reagents from Agdia Inc. (Elkhart, IN, USA). Filamentous viral particles were trapped and observed from the infected hosta leaf sap by immuno-serological electron microscopy (ISEM) (antibodies from Agdia). To confirm HVX infection, three ELISA-positive samples were analyzed by reverse transcription-PCR assay, using virus-specific primers HVXf (5'-ATCCGTTATCTACAGGGGACCAG-3') and HVXr (5'-TAAGTTAGTGGAACGGTTAGCCCGAT-3') that amplified a 1,067-bp fragment including the coat protein (CP) coding region. The CP nucleotide sequence comparisons showed 99% to 100% homology among the three isolates named HVXBJ4, HVXBJ5, and HVXBJ6 (GenBank Accession No. JX535292, JX535293, and JX535294) and with the HVX sequences previously reported in GenBank. HVX has been reported from the United States, Korea, the Netherlands, Poland, France, the Czech Republic, and New Zealand (1,2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of HVX infecting hosta plants in China. As an ornamental and medicinal plant, hosta has been cultivated in China for more than 2,000 years. The presence of HVX in Beijing is a potential threat to the landscape in the city. HVX can be spread by vegetative propagation material or mechanical contact (3). Hence, to cultivate HVX-free hosta and restrict the movement of HVX-infected hosta is vitally important in the future. HVX has become economically important in the world more recently. Globalization of trade in hosta plants has increased the risk of movement of HVX. The national plant protection organization should establish effective quarantine strategy and the growers take proper planting measures to avoid further spreading of this virus. References: (1) S. Currier et al. Plant Dis. 80:1040, 1996. (2) M. H. Park et al. Arch. Virol. 148:2039, 2003. (3) K. H. Ryu et al. Acta Hortic. 722:91, 2006.

Iron homeostasis in osteoporosis and its clinical implications.

Osteoporosis has until now been considered to be a disease associated with abnormal calcium metabolism. However, an increasing number of clinical observations strongly suggest the association of iron overload with bone diseases, particularly in osteoporosis in menopausal women. The recent identification of hepcidin sheds new light into the crucial role of iron homeostasis in bone metabolism. Decreasing iron overload in cell studies as well as in animal experiments has been shown to improve bone cell metabolism and growth in vitro and in vivo. In view of the significant iron overload found in the aging population, especially in females, the therapeutic potential of lowering iron overload for the treatment of osteoporosis is suggested.