Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome in neonates: an 8-year retrospective study in a single institution.

Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS) is a rare disorder in children. Complications may occur without timely treatment. Mortality in children with SSSS is approximately 4%. Other than a limited number of case reports, data on SSSS in neonates are limited. The objective of the current study was to investigate SSSS in neonates. A retrospective review of neonates with a diagnosis of SSSS from January 2004 to January 2012 was performed. Population distribution, historical features, physical examination findings including laboratory tests, antibiotic therapies, and outcomes were evaluated. Thirty-nine cases were included, 31 (79.5%) in the last 4 years. The mean patient age was 17.4 ± 7.7 days. Boys (25 cases) were more commonly affected, and occurrence during summer and autumn months was more frequent. The face was the most common body part affected and the area most commonly initially affected. Fever, high white blood cell count, and high C-reactive protein levels were uncommon. Pneumonia was the most frequent complication (74.4%). The positive rate of Staphylococcus aureus isolation was low (23.5%). Drug susceptibility tests showed that amoxicillin with clavulanic acid and cephalosporins were effective in practice. The median length of hospitalization was 9.0 days. All of the 39 neonates were cured without scarring. This study established basic epidemiologic characteristics of a group of neonates diagnosed with SSSS. In the presence of a clinical suspicion of SSSS, even with apparently normal laboratory tests, immediate treatment with cephalosporins, ß-lactamase-resistant semisynthetic penicillin, or both is advocated.

Medial premotor cortex shows a reduction in inhibitory markers and mediates recovery in a mouse model of focal stroke.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Motor recovery after ischemic stroke in primary motor cortex is thought to occur in part through training-enhanced reorganization in undamaged premotor areas, enabled by reductions in cortical inhibition. Here we used a mouse model of focal cortical stroke and a double-lesion approach to test the idea that a medial premotor area (medial agranular cortex [AGm]) reorganizes to mediate recovery of prehension, and that this reorganization is associated with a reduction in inhibitory interneuron markers. METHODS: C57Bl/6 mice were trained to perform a skilled prehension task to an asymptotic level of performance after which they underwent photocoagulation-induced stroke in the caudal forelimb area. The mice were then retrained and inhibitory interneuron immunofluorescence was assessed in prechosen, anatomically defined neocortical areas. Mice then underwent a second photocoagulation-induced stroke in AGm. RESULTS: Focal caudal forelimb area stroke led to a decrement in skilled prehension. Training-associated recovery of prehension was associated with a reduction in parvalbumin, calretinin, and calbindin expression in AGm. Subsequent infarction of AGm led to reinstatement of the original deficit. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that with training, AGm can reorganize after a focal motor stroke and serve as a new control area for prehension. Reduced inhibition may represent a marker for reorganization or it is necessary for reorganization to occur. Our mouse model, with all of the attendant genetic benefits, may allow us to determine at the cellular and molecular levels how behavioral training and endogenous plasticity interact to mediate recovery.

Molecular cloning of liver Wap65 cDNA in ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis) and mRNA expression changes following Listonella anguillarum infection.

The teleost warm temperature acclimation related 65 kDa protein (Wap65) is a plasma glycoprotein with the potential roles in heat adaptation, heme recycling, immune response and copper metabolism. It is most homologous to the mammalian hemopexin, which is the plasma transporter of heme. A full-length cDNA clone of the Wap65 gene, 1,534 bp in size, was isolated from the fish ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis). Its deduced amino acid sequence of 439 residues had 60.4-65.4% and 38.3-47.3% identical to fish Wap65-2-type and Wap65-1-type sequences, respectively. In phylogenetic analysis, aWap65 grouped tightly with those fish Wap65-2-type sequences. In healthy control fish, the highest mRNA signal for aWap65 was from the liver, moderately high in brain and gill, and but weaker in spleen, kidney, muscle, heart and intestine. In Listonella anguillarum-infected fish, aWap65 transcripts were significantly increased in liver, while no obvious changes in other tissues at 12 hpi. However, aWap65 transcripts were significantly increased in various tissues at 24 hpi when hemolysis developing, suggesting that aWap65 might be involved in the immune response of ayu.

Increased liver protein and mRNA expression of natural killer cell-enhancing factor B (NKEF-B) in ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis) after Aeromonas hydrophila infection.

Natural killer cell-enhancing factor (NKEF) may mediate cellular responses to proinflammatory molecules. The liver proteins of Aeromonas hydrophila-infected ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis) and healthy control fish were analyzed by 2DE. A protein, which increased significantly in diseased fish, was identified as NKEF-B by MALDI-TOF-MS. A full-length cDNA clone of this proteinwas subsequently isolated. It contains 1092 bp with an open reading frame of 591 bp, coding for 197 amino acids with MW 21.9 kDa and pI 6.38, values similar to those determined by 2DE. Ayu NKEF-B had highest similarity (93.1% amino acid identity) to those of carp and zebrafish. Phylogenetic analysis showed that ayu NKEF-B falls into the fish NKEF-B cluster and is most closely related to that of carp and zebrafish. It was determined that ayu NKEFB mRNA expression was significantly increased in many tissues at the early stage of bacterial infection. In conclusion, the increased NKEF-B mRNA and protein expression in ayu were closely associated with A. hydrophila infection.

An interaction between leukocyte cell-derived chemotaxin 2 and transferrin of ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis.

Yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) screens were used to test for interactions between leukocyte cell-derived chemotaxin 2 (LECT2) and a liver cDNA expression library of ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis. Of the 9 independent interacting clones identified, 7 were identical and closely related to transferrin (Tf) genes of fish, while the other two were related to c-type lectin genes. The interaction between ayu Tf (aTf) and ayu LECT2 (aLECT2) was confirmed by in vitro co-immunoprecipitation of the two proteins. Y2H assays using different parts of the two proteins showed that the segment aTf185-289 was not involved in the interaction with mature aLECT2, while the transit peptide of aLECT2 couldn't interact with entire aTf. Computer analysis revealed that aTf185-289, which contained two iron binding residues, Tyr197 and His253, was located at the N-terminus of aTf N-lobe. Strong interactions were also determined between LECT2 and Tf from the same animal, such as croceine croaker, Larimichthys crocea and mouse, Mus musculus. However, no cross-species interactions were determined. Based on published data, the Tf-LECT2 interaction is suggested to be most possibly involved in the body's defense against infection.

The effects of environmental salinity on trunk kidney proteome of juvenile ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis).

As the life cycle of ayu spans river, brackish and seawater environments, it would be a suitable fish model for studying the responses to salinity changes in aquatic animals. We investigated the effect of salinity on trunk kidney proteome in ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis) using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. The proteins involved in the process of energy metabolism, biosynthesis, DNA methylation and cell differentiation were mainly affected, and 10 significantly changed proteins were identified. Our result showed that isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICD), pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1), O-glycosyl hydrolase, mitochondrial precursor of ATP synthase subunit beta, mitochondrial ferrtin (MtF), retinol binding protein (RBP) were down-regulated, whereas aldehyde dehydrogenase, cytokeratin 1, S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase, Cys-Met metabolism PLP-dependent enzyme were up-regulated when ayu transferred from freshwater to brackish water. Partial coding sequences of E1, ICD, MtF and RBP genes were determined, and the effects of salinity on their mRNA expression in ayu trunk kidney were tested by real-time PCR subsequently. Their possible direct or indirect roles in the adaptation of ayu to salinity are discussed.

Apolipoprotein A-I, a hyperosmotic adaptation-related protein in ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis).

Apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) is the major protein component of high density lipoprotein (HDL) particles in serum and participates in the reverse transport of cholesterol from tissues to the liver for excretion. 2DE gel and protein identification by MALDI-TOF-MS revealed that an apoA-I-like molecule was significantly decreased in the liver of ayu transferred from freshwater (FW) to brackish water (BW). A full-length cDNA clone of this protein was subsequently isolated. It contains 1209 bp with an open reading frame of 825 bp, coding for 275 amino acids with MW 31.1 kDa and pI 5.25. Ayu apoA-I had highest similarity (88.6% amino acid identity) to that of rainbow smelt. Phylogenetic analysis showed that vertebrate apoA-Is formed two major groups, representing mammalian-bird-amphibian (M-A) and fish apoA-Is respectively. Ayu apoA-I was most closely related to rainbow smelt apoA-I. In FW ayu, apoA-I transcripts were present in all tested tissues including brain, spleen, liver, kidney, gill, muscle, heart and intestine, and highest in liver, brain and intestine. In BW ayu, the expression levels of apoA-I gene were significantly decreased and almost totally inhibited in spleen, kidney, gill, heart and muscle. Significant down-regulation of proteins and mRNA in ayu transferred from FW to BW suggests an involvement in hyperosmotic regulation in this species.

Molecular cloning of liver angiotensinogen gene in ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis) and mRNA expression changes upon Aeromonas hydrophila infection.

Angiotensinogen (AGT) is thought to be an acute phase protein, because in mammals its plasma concentrations increase during inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharides (LPS). A full-length cDNA clone of the AGT gene, 1828bp in size, was isolated from the fish ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis). Its deduced amino acid sequence of 462 residues had 57.7-68.6%, 30.2% and 23.3-27.4% identity to those sequenced from other fish, chicken and mammals, respectively. Ayu-AGT is most closely related to that of silver sea bream and the phylogenetic tree largely reflects the currently accepted animal relationships. In healthy control fish, AGT transcripts were found to be present in a number of tissues including brain, spleen, liver, kidney and intestine. The amplification was found to be the highest in the liver. In Aeromonas hydrophila-infected ayu, AGT transcripts significantly increased in various tissues, suggesting a possible relationship between AGT mRNA expression and the vascular inflammation caused by bacterial infection. AGT transcripts could be detected in the heart and gill of bacteria-infected ayu that were not detected in control fish, but still not in the muscle. This is the first report of changes in fish AGT transcripts upon bacterial infection.

Molecular cloning of leucocyte cell-derived chemotaxin-2 gene in croceine croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea).

Leucocyte cell-derived chemotaxin-2 (LECT2) was originally demonstrated to have a chemotactic activity against human neutrophils in vitro. Current evidence suggests that LECT2 may be a multifunctional protein involved in cell growth, differentiation and autoimmune. A full-length cDNA clone of the LECT2 gene, 595bp in size, was isolated from the fish croceine croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea). It's 3'-UTR was much shorter (112nts) than that of trout LECT2 gene (210nts). Its deduced amino acid sequence of 151 residues had 39.7-75.5% identity to that of other animals. Phylogenetic analysis shows that croceine croaker LECT2 (pLECT2) is clustered tightly with other fish LECT2. The relationships of the different LECT2 coincided well with the evolutionary relationships of their organisms. In healthy fish, the expression levels of pLECT2 gene from different tissues were similar, while that in Vibrio alginolyticus-infected fish were significantly increased in liver and spleen comparing to those in healthy fish, and were a little higher in the other tissues.