MpMLO1 controls sperm discharge in liverwort.

In bryophytes, sexual reproduction necessitates the release of motile sperm cells from a gametophyte into the environment. Since 1856, this process, particularly in liverworts, has been known to depend on water. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this phenomenon has remained elusive. Here we identify the plasma membrane protein MpMLO1 in Marchantia polymorpha, a model liverwort, as critical for sperm discharge from antheridia. The MpMLO1-expressing tip cells among the sperm-wrapping jacket cells undergo programmed cell death upon antheridium maturation to facilitate sperm discharge after the application of water and even hypertonic solutions. The absence of MpMLO1 leads to reduced cytoplasmic Ca2+ levels in tip cells, preventing cell death and consequently sperm discharge. Our findings reveal that MpMLO1-mediated programmed cell death in antheridial tip cells, regulated by cytosolic Ca2+ dynamics, is essential for sperm release, elucidating a key mechanism in bryophyte sexual reproduction and providing insights into terrestrial plant evolution.

Prognostic role of MUCIN family and its relationship with immune characteristics and tumor biology in diffuse-type gastric cancer.

The main component of O-glycoproteins, mucin, is known to play important roles in physiological conditions and oncogenic processes, particularly correlated with poor prognosis in different carcinomas. Diffuse-type gastric cancer (DGC) has long been associated with genomic stability and unfavorable clinical outcomes. To investigate further, we obtained clinical information and the RNA-seq data of the TCGA-STAD cohort. Through the use of unsupervised clustering methods and GSEA, we identified two distinct clusters, characterized by higher and lower expression of MUC2 and MUC20, denoted as cluster 1 and cluster 2, respectively. Subsequently, employing CIBERSORT, it was determined that cluster 2 exhibited a higher tumor mutation burden (TMB) and a greater abundance of CD8+ T cells and activated CD4+ memory T cells, in addition to immune checkpoints (ICPs). On the other hand, cluster 1 showed a lower TIDE score estimation, indicating a higher probability of tumor immune escape. Furthermore, overexpression of MUC15 and MUC20 was confirmed through qPCR and Western blotting, and their specific roles in mediating the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process of GC cells (SNU484 and Hs746t) were validated via CCK-8 assay and wound healing assay in vitro. These findings highlight the potential prognostic value of MUC20 and offer insights into the prospects of immunotherapy for DGC by targeting MUC20.

Quality of life after pancreatic surgery.

BACKGROUND: Pancreatic surgery is challenging owing to the anatomical characteristics of the pancreas. Increasing attention has been paid to changes in quality of life (QOL) after pancreatic surgery. AIM: To summarize and analyze current research results on QOL after pancreatic surgery. METHODS: A systematic search of the literature available on PubMed and EMBASE was performed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Relevant studies were identified by screening the references of retrieved articles. Studies on patients' QOL after pancreatic surgery published after January 1, 2012, were included. These included prospective and retrospective studies on patients' QOL after several types of pancreatic surgeries. The results of these primary studies were summarized inductively. RESULTS: A total of 45 articles were included in the study, of which 13 were related to pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD), seven to duodenum-preserving pancreatic head resection (DPPHR), nine to distal pancreatectomy (DP), two to central pancreatectomy (CP), and 14 to total pancreatectomy (TP). Some studies showed that 3-6 months were needed for QOL recovery after PD, whereas others showed that 6-12 months was more accurate. Although TP and PD had similar influences on QOL, patients needed longer to recover to preoperative or baseline levels after TP. The QOL was better after DPPHR than PD. However, the superiority of the QOL between patients who underwent CP and PD remains controversial. The decrease in exocrine and endocrine functions postoperatively was the main factor affecting the QOL. Minimally invasive surgery could improve patients' QOL in the early stages after PD and DP; however, the long-term effect remains unclear. CONCLUSION: The procedure among PD, DP, CP, and TP with a superior postoperative QOL is controversial. The long-term benefits of minimally invasive versus open surgeries remain unclear. Further prospective trials are warranted.

Changes in Bone Metabolism After Sleeve Gastrectomy Versus Gastric Bypass: a Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Gastric bypass (GB) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG) are two common types of bariatric surgery that carry many potential complications. Among these complications, bone metabolism-related diseases have attracted substantial attention; however, no meta-analysis of them has been performed to date. METHODS: We searched PubMed, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, and Embase to identify relevant studies published before January 2019. The following indicators were evaluated: serum parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcium, phosphorus and 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels, body mass index (BMI), and bone mineral density (BMD). RESULTS: Thirteen studies met our inclusion criteria. Overall results showed that patients undergoing GB had lower levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (MD = - 1.85, 95% CI (- 3.32, - 0.39) P = 0.01) and calcium (MD = - 0.15, 95% CI (- 0.24, - 0.07) P = 0.0006) as well as higher levels of PTH (MD = 3.58, 95% CI (0.61, 7.09) P = 0.02) and phosphorus (MD = 0.22, 95% CI (0.10, 0.35) P = 0.0005). The results of BMI and BMD were comparable in each group. CONCLUSION: Our meta-analysis suggested that obese patients undergoing GB had lower levels of serum calcium and 25-hydroxyvitamin D as well as higher levels of serum phosphorus and PTH. To prevent postoperative bone metabolism-related diseases, appropriate postoperative interventions should be undertaken for particular surgical procedures.

Ghrelin Receptor Is Required for the Effect of Nesfatin-1 on Glucose Metabolism.

Studies of nesfatin-1 in glucose metabolism have become a topic of interest recently, however, the specific receptor for nesfatin-1 has not yet been identified. Some studies hinted at a connection between nesfatin-1 and the ghrelin receptor, growth hormone secretagogue receptor. Therefore, we aimed to study the role of GHSR in the glycemic effects of nesfatin-1 as well as its downstream pathways. We employed C57/BL6 mice (wild type and GHSR knockout mice) eating a normal chow diet and a high fat diet in this study, and the experimental technique included western blot, real-time PCR, immunofluorescence and ELISA. We found that in mice fed a normal chow diet (NCD), nesfatin-1 improved glucose tolerance, up-regulated AKT kinase (AKT) mRNA levels and phosphorylation and GLUT4 membrane translocation in skeletal muscle. These effects were blocked by co-injection of GHSR antagonist [D-Lys3]-GHRP-6 and were attenuated in GHSR knockout mice. In mice fed high-fat diet (HFD), nesfatin-1 not only exerted the effects observed in NCD mice, but also suppressed appetite and raised AKT levels in liver tissues that also required GHSR. Peripheral nesfatin-1 suppressed c-fos expression of GHSR immunoreactive neurons induced by fasting in hypothalamic nuclei, indicating that nesfatin-1 inhibited the activation of central GHSR. We concluded that the effects of nesfatin-1 on food intake and glucose metabolism were GHSR-dependent, and that the glycemic effect was associated with AKT and GLUT4. This study should stimulate further exploration of the nesfatin-1 receptor.

Circulating Nesfatin-1 Levels and Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

The role of nesfatin-1 in glucose homeostasis has been investigated previously. However, although numerous studies have examined the relationships between circulating nesfatin-1 levels and type 2 diabetes, the conclusions are contradictory. We aimed to probe the relationship between circulating nesfatin-1 levels and type 2 diabetes by meta-analysis. Seven studies including 328 type 2 diabetes patients and 294 control subjects were included. Although there was no obvious difference in circulating nesfatin-1 levels between patients with type 2 diabetes and the control group (MD = -0.04; 95% CI = -0.32 to -0.23), subgroup analysis showed higher nesfatin-1 levels in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients (MD = 0.59; 95% CI = 0.45 to 0.74) and significantly lower nesfatin-1 levels in type 2 diabetes patients receiving antidiabetic treatment (MD = -0.26; 95% CI = -0.33 to -0.20). In conclusion, the analysis supports a relationship between circulating nesfatin-1 levels and type 2 diabetes, where newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes was associated with an elevated Nesfatin-1 level, and type 2 diabetes patients receiving antidiabetic treatment showed lower circulating nesfatin-1 levels.

Association between genetic polymorphisms in fibroblast growth factor (FGF)1 and FGF2 and risk of endometriosis and adenomyosis in Chinese women.

BACKGROUND: Angiogenesis appears to be an important event in the pathophysiology of endometriosis (EM) and adenomyosis. Two angiogenic factors, fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 1 and 2, play a central role in the initiation of angiogenesis. We investigated whether FGF1 -1385A/G and FGF2 754C/G polymorphisms are associated with a risk of developing EM and adenomyosis. METHODS: Genotypes were analyzed by the PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism method in two groups of women, of Han ethnicity in north China, aged 16-55 years: (1) 421 EM patients and 421 controls; (2) 269 adenomyosis patients and 269 controls. RESULTS: There was no difference in genotype distribution of the FGF1 -1385A/G polymorphism between adenomyosis cases and controls (P > 0.05), but the frequency of the A allele in EM patients was lower than that in controls (P = 0.013). Genotype and allele frequencies of the FGF2 754C/C polymorphism were significantly different in both EM and adenomyosis cases versus control groups. Compared with C/C homozygotes, the G allele (C/G + G/G) was associated with a decreased susceptibility to developing EM [odds ratio (OR) = 0.575, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.387-0.854] and adenomyosis (OR = 0.577, 95% CI = 0.367-0.906). Combined genotype analysis of both polymorphisms also showed differences between cases versus controls (all P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows for the first time that the FGF2 754C/G polymorphism may be associated with a risk of developing EM and adenomyosis in north Chinese women. Carriers of the G allele in the FGF2 gene appear to be protected from these gynecological diseases. Further studies in other populations, and of other candidate genes, are now warranted.

Association of p73 and MDM2 polymorphisms with the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer in Chinese women.

OBJECTIVE: This study was to investigate the association of p73 G4C14-to-A4T14 and Murine Double Minute2 (MDM2) 309T/G, Del1518+/- single nucleotide polymorphisms with the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) in Chinese. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This hospital-based case-control study included 257 ovarian cancer patients and 257 healthy women who were matched for age. p73 and MDM2 genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in allele frequencies and genotype distributions of the p73 G4C14-to-A4T14 polymorphism between cases and control women (P = 0.55 and 0.20, respectively). The frequencies of the G allele of the MDM2 309T/G polymorphism were significantly lower in ovarian cancer cases (46.7%) than those in healthy controls (54.7%), there was a statistical difference between the 2 groups (P = 0.01). Compared with the T/T genotype, the G allelotype (T/G+G/G genotype) significantly decreased the risk of developing EOC (odds ratio, 0.65; 95% confidence interval, 0.44-0.97). Although MDM2 Del1518+/- genotypes and allele frequencies did not differ between the case and the control groups (P = 0.68 and P = 0.45), Del1518 +/+ genotype tended to increase the risk of mucinous ovarian cancer or earlier ovarian cancer by stratification analysis according to histological subtypes or clinical stage. Besides, there was a significant interaction between p73 G4C14-to-A4T14 and MDM2 309T/G polymorphisms by the likelihood ratio test (P = 0.03; odds ratio, 0.89; 95% confidence interval, 0.80-0.99). CONCLUSION: The MDM2 SNP309G allele significantly decreased the risk of EOC and might be a potentially protective factor for EOC development in Chinese women.