[Indication of bloodletting therapy based on multi-dimensional evidence assessment].

The indication of bloodletting therapy was determined based on the multi-dimensional evidence assessment, which could provide guidance for the clinical application of bloodletting therapy. The literature of bloodletting therapy was comprehensively collected by retrieval in CNKI, Wanfang and VIP databases (until February 23, 2019), modern books in Library of Tianjing University of TCM and the Chinese Medical Code (Fifth Edition). The disease spectrum of bloodletting therapy was determined by self-designed questionnaire survey e-mailed to relevant experts. The indication of bloodletting therapy was determined by Delphi expert meeting. As a result, 746 pieces of ancient literature and 32 775 modern literature were included. The indications of bloodletting therapy based on the multi-dimensional evidence assessment include herpes zoster, acne, acute tonsillitis, vascular headache, varicose veins of lower extremities, acute lumbar sprain, early erysipelas, wheat swelling, exogenous fever of children, stroke, which are mainly the syndromes of blood stasis, toxin, excess and heat.

[Rule of acupoint combination in acupuncture treatment of hiccup: a study based on complex network analysis].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the rule of acupoint combination in acupuncture treatment of hiccups. METHODS: Original research articles on acupuncture treatment of hiccup were collected from databases of CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, and Pubmed by using key words of "hiccup", "acupuncture" "diaphragmatic spasm" "body acupuncture" "filiform needle" and "electroacupuncture". According to our inclusive and exclusive criteria, the collected data were extracted to establish an acupuncture prescription database for hiccup. Then, the regularities of acupoint combinations for hiccup were analyzed by using Gephi complex network analysis software. RESULTS: ;A total of 606 articles containing 634 acupoint prescriptions for acupuncture treatment of hiccups were brought into analysis. There were 133 single-acupoint prescriptions (20.98%), which was significantly lower than the multi-acupoint prescription (501, accounting for 79.02%). There were mainly acupoints in multi-acupoint prescriptions, and distal-proximal acupoint combination method were often used as the basis of acupoint selection (326, accounting for 65.07%). A total of 163 acupoints were involved, with a total frequency of 2 969. Among them, Neiguan(PC6) was used most frequently (400 times, accounting for 13.47%), followed by Zusanli (ST36), Zhongwan (CV12), Danzhong (CV17), and Taichong (LR3). The acupoints of the Conceptional Vessel(666 times, accounting for 22.43%), and Stomach Meridian, Pericardium Meridian and Liver Meridian were chiefly used. There were 67 specific acupoints, the frequency of use was 2 555 times(accounting for 86.05% of the total frequency), among which the frequency of the five Shu-points was the highest (875 times, accounting for 29.47% of the total frequency), and followed by eight confluence points. CONCLUSION: ;The core acupoints are PC6, ST36, CV12, etc. and the distal-proximal acupoint combination method found in this study are often used as the basis of acupoint selection and acupoint prescription for acupuncture treatment of hiccup.

Quality evaluation of bee pollens by chromatographic fingerprint and simultaneous determination of its major bioactive components.

Bee pollens constitute a large number of flavonoids and thus possess great medicinal value. However different varieties of bee pollen flavonoids vary with different species and their content also differ greatly in different region. Herein, the aim of present research is to establish a method based on high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for quantitative analysis of flavonoids compounds and chemical fingerprint analysis of bee pollen. Five batches of rape bee pollen collected from different region of China and particularly six bee pollen species obtained in Anhui were used to establish the fingerprint. The feasibility and advantages of the used HPLC fingerprint were verified for its similarity evaluation by systematically comparing chromatograms with professional analytical software. The similarities of liquid chromatography fingerprints for five batches of rape bee pollen were more than 0.994 while six batches of different species of bee pollen were lower than 0.810. In quantitative analysis, the six compounds showed good regression (R ≥ 0.9964) within the test ranges, and all the values for the RSD were lower than 2%. The developed HPLC fingerprint method was found simple, reliable, and it was validated for the quality control and identification of bee pollen. Additionally, simultaneous quantification of six flavonoids ingredients in the bee pollen samples was conducted to reveal the variation in their content. The results indicated that the HPLC fingerprint, as a characteristic distinguishing method combining similarity evaluation and quantification analysis, can be successfully used to assess the quality and also to identify the authenticity of bee pollen.

[A preliminary study of radionuclide imaging of the nasal lymphatic system in nasal polyps].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the role of nasal mucosal lymphatic drainage in the pathogenesis of nasal polyps. METHODS: There were 25 cases in the experimental group who had nasal polyps (which was further divided into Malm-1, Malm-2, Malm-3 level 3 subgroups) and 6 cases in the control group, including thyroid cancer and laryngeal cancer patients who had normal nasal structure. The nasal polyps in the experimental group and the middle turbinate in the control group were injected with a radionuclide and a radionuclide imaging technique was used to image the nasal mucosal lymphatics. The lymphatic drainage status of the nasal mucosa through the imaging results was analysed. RESULTS: The T/NT ratio (radioactivity counting) of the region of interest (ROI) was 20. 66 +/- 1.89 in the control group and 29. 33 +/- 6.34 in the experimental group. The difference was significant (t = 3.275, P < 0.05). The T/NT ratio of the ROI was 24.40 +/- 3.19 in the Malm-1 level group, 29.31 +/- 3.39 in the Malm-2 level group, 39.21 +/- 3.15 in the Malm-3 level group. The differences of qualitative analysis were significant (F = 38. 980, P < 0.05). The quantitative analysis showed that at the injection site, signs of lymphatic development and drainage were not found in the control group or experimental group, but the phenomenon of contrast media retention existed at the injection site in the experimental group. CONCLUSION: Lymphatic drainage dysfunction exists in patients with nasal polyps, and it may play a role in the pathogenesis of nasal polyps.

[Role and mechanism of the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9 and tumor necrosis factor α in upper and lower respiratory tract inflammation in rats].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role and mechanism of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) in the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis (AR) and asthma(AS). METHODS: The rat models of AR and AS were made by injecting ovalbumin. The infiltration of eosinophils and mast cells were detected by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and toluidine blue staining respectively, and the expression of MMP-9 and TNF-α in nasal mucosa and lung tissue were examined by immunohistochemical staining (SP method). The relationship of their expression with upper and lower respiratory tract inflammation was analyzed. SPSS 13.0 software was used to analyze the data. RESULTS: The numbers of MMP-9 positive inflammatory cells in nasal mucosa and lung tissue of AR were (154.8 ± 12.0) and (124.0 ± 8.2), (43.2 ± 7.6) and (34.5 ± 5.0) in the control groups, the difference was significant (t value were 24.260, 29.525 respectively, all P < 0.05). The numbers of MMP-9 positive inflammatory cells in nasal mucosa and lung tissue of AS were (149.9 ± 11.7) and (120.1 ± 7.3), (48.6 ± 7.6) and (39.1 ± 5.2) in control groups, the difference was significant (t value were 22.929 and 28.530 respectively, all P < 0.05). The numbers of TNF-α positive inflammatory cells in nasal mucosa and lung tissue of AR were (188.8 ± 17.0), and (134.8 ± 7.9), (57.6 ± 23.3) and (40.3 ± 8.2) in control groups, the difference was significant (t value were 13.836 and 26.220, all P < 0.05). The numbers of TNF-α positive inflammatory cells in nasal mucosa and lung tissue of AS were (179.2 ± 15.4) and (153.5 ± 10.1), (70.5 ± 33.1) and (33.8 ± 14.0) in control groups, the difference was significant (t value were 9.412 and 21.858, all P < 0.05). There was a correlation between the expression of MMP-9 and TNF-α in nasal mucosa and lung tissue of AR (r values were 0.893 and 0.700 respectively, P values were 0.001 and 0.024, respectively) and AS (r values were 0.692 and 0.644 respectively, P values were 0.027 and 0.044 respectively) groups. CONCLUSIONS: The inflammation is similar between AR and AS. The MMP-9 and TNF-α may play an important role in the pathogenesis of upper and lower respiratory tract inflammation.

[Application of femtosecond laser in corneal refractive surgery].

The function of photo-decomposing of femtosecond laser makes it useful in creating precise "cuts" at arbitrary locations within the corneal of almost any conceivable geometry. The applications of femtosecond laser include intrastromal photorefractive keratectomy, creating the pre-cut channels for intra-corneal ring segment, creating lamellar flaps for laser in situ keratomileusis, performing femtosecond lamellar keratoplasty, which represent an entirely new approach for the correction of refractive errors.

[Protective effect of nitric oxide against hydrogen peroxide-induced hearing loss].

Previous research showed that reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in ototoxity. The present research was to investigate whether nitric oxide, an important neurotransmitter in the inner ear, could prevent hydrogen peroxide-induced hearing loss through the nitric oxide/cyclic GMP pathway in guinea pig cochlea. Fifty adult pigmented guinea pigs (250~350 g) of either sex with positive prier reflex were randomly divided into five groups. All of the animals underwent whole cochlear perfusion for two hours. The solution that was perfused into the cochlear of different group was artificial perilymph (AP) for group 1200 micromol/L H2O2 for group 2100 micromol/L L-Arg for group 3, H2O2+L-Arg for group 4 and H2O2+L-Arg+L-NNA for group 5 respectively. Compound action potential (CAP, evoked by click) and cochlear microphonic (CM, evoked by tone burst) were recorded every thirty minutes to show the effects of different reagents on cochlear function. In order to assess cell viability after perfusion, the fluorescent dyes Hoechst that stains all cell nuclei and propidium iodide (PI) that specifically stains nuclei of dead cells, were used. The CAP threshold shifts and CM amplitude decreased after perfusion with H2O2+L-Arg. They were significantly lower than those of H2O2 group. No obvious cell death was noticed after H2O2+L-Arg perfusion, while only 54% of hair cells were alive after H2O2 perfusion. There were no significant differences between the group of H2O2 and that of H2O2+L-Arg+L-NNA group. Our results suggest that nitric oxide may partly be able to protect guinea pigs from hydrogen peroxide-induced hearing loss.