RNF115 Inhibits the Post-ER Trafficking of TLRs and TLRs-Mediated Immune Responses by Catalyzing K11-Linked Ubiquitination of RAB1A and RAB13.

The subcellular localization and intracellular trafficking of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) critically regulate TLRs-mediated antimicrobial immunity and autoimmunity. Here, it is demonstrated that the E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF115 inhibits the post-endoplasmic reticulum (ER) trafficking of TLRs and TLRs-mediated immune responses by catalyzing ubiquitination of the small GTPases RAB1A and RAB13. It is shown that the 14-3-3 chaperones bind to AKT1-phosphorylated RNF115 and facilitate RNF115 localizing on the ER and the Golgi apparatus. RNF115 interacts with RAB1A and RAB13 and catalyzes K11-linked ubiquitination on the Lys49 and Lys61 residues of RAB1A and on the Lys46 and Lys58 residues of RAB13, respectively. Such a modification impairs the recruitment of guanosine diphosphate (GDP) dissociation inhibitor 1 (GDI1) to RAB1A and RAB13, a prerequisite for the reactivation of RAB proteins. Consistently, knockdown of RAB1A and RAB13 in Rnf115+/+ and Rnf115-/- cells markedly inhibits the post-ER and the post-Golgi trafficking of TLRs, respectively. In addition, reconstitution of RAB1AK49/61R or RAB13K46/58R into Rnf115+/+ cells but not Rnf115-/- cells promotes the trafficking of TLRs from the ER to the Golgi apparatus and from the Golgi apparatus to the cell surface, respectively. These findings uncover a common and step-wise regulatory mechanism for the post-ER trafficking of TLRs.

Almost periodic solutions for a SVIR epidemic model with relapse.

This paper is devoted to a nonautonomous SVIR epidemic model with relapse, that is, the recurrence rate is considered in the model. The permanent of the system is proved, and the result on the existence and uniqueness of globally attractive almost periodic solution of this system is obtained by constructing a suitable Lyapunov function. Some analysis for the necessity of considering the recurrence rate in the model is also presented. Moreover, some examples and numerical simulations are given to show the feasibility of our main results. Through numerical simulation, we have obtained the influence of vaccination rate and recurrence rate on the spread of the disease. The conclusion is that in order to control the epidemic of infectious diseases, we should increase the vaccination rate while reducing the recurrence rate of the disease.

Unusual Bicyclo[3.2.1]Octanoid Neolignans from Leaves of Piper crocatum and Their Effect on Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Activity.

Three undescribed bicyclo[3.2.1]octanoid neolignan glucosides, along with a known neolignan, were isolated from the leaves of Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav. Their chemical structures were elucidated using extensive spectroscopic analyses including 1D and 2D NMR experiments and HR-ESI-MS analysis, as well as through comparison with previously reported data. Two compounds were assessed for their inhibitory effect against pyruvate dehydrogenase E1α S300 phosphorylation. The fluorescent image suggested that both compounds (60 µM) revealed a stronger inhibition effect than the positive control (dichloroacetate, DCA 5 mM), with IC50 values of 99.82 µM and 80.25 µM, respectively.

Anti-allergic Inflammatory Components from the Leaves of Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav.

Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav. (P. crocatum), a traditional medicinal plant, has been shown to possess various pharmacological activities, including anticancer activity, antioxidant activity, antibacterial activity, anti-hyperglycemic activity, anti-allergic inflammatory activity and others. To identify the potential anti-allergic inflammatory effective constituents of P. crocatum, 13 single compounds were isolated from the methanol extract of P. crocatum leaves, and their structures were identified by contrasting their NMR spectroscopic data and previously published papers. First, the anti-allergic inflammatory activities of these single compounds were examined by accessing immune function related biomarkers such as nitric oxide (NO) and ß-hexosaminidase. We found that the methanol extract and catechaldehyde (compound 1) potently suppressed NO production. Additionally, Western blot analysis showed that P. crocatum methanol extract and compound 1 suppressed the production of NO by reducing inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages. Consistent with these observations, P. crocatum methanol extract and compound 1 remarkably decreased ß-hexosaminidase release from RBL-2H3 cells stimulated with 2,4-dinitrophenylated bovine serum albumin (DNP-BSA)-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. Furthermore, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS) assay indicated that P. crocatum methanol extract and compound 1 exhibited no cytotoxicity to RAW264.7 and RBL-2H3 cells. Based on these findings, compound 1 is suggested as an active anti-allergic inflammatory component of P. crocatum.

Global behavior of a multi-group SEIR epidemic model with age structure and spatial diffusion.

Different epidemic models with one or two characteristics of multi-group, age structure and spatial diffusion have been proposed, but few models take all three into consideration. In this paper, a novel multi-group SEIR epidemic model with both age structure and spatial diffusion is constructed for the first time ever to study the transmission dynamics of infectious diseases. We first analytically study the positivity, boundedness, existence and uniqueness of solution and the existence of compact global attractor of the associated solution semiflow. Based on some assumptions for parameters, we then show that the disease-free steady state is globally asymptotically stable by utilizing appropriate Lyapunov functionals and the LaSalle's invariance principle. By means of Perron-Frobenius theorem and graph-theoretical results, the existence and global stability of endemic steady state are ensured under appropriate conditions. Finally, feasibility of main theoretical results is showed with the aid of numerical examples for model with two groups which is important from the viewpoint of applications.

Coumarin and Moracin Derivatives from Mulberry Leaves (Morus alba L.) with Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Inhibitory Activity.

This study identified three coumarins (1-3), and six moracin derivatives (4-9). The structures of these natural compounds were determined by the spectroscopic methods, including 1D and 2D NMR methods, and comparison with previous reported data. All of the isolated compounds were assessed for the effects on the soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) inhibitory activity. Among them, compounds 1-7 exhibited significant inhibitory effect with 100% inhibitory, with IC50 values of 6.9, 0.2, 15.9, 1.1, 1.2, 9.9, and 7.7 µM, respectively. A kinetic study revealed that compounds 1-4, and 6 were competitive types of inhibitors, compounds 5 and 7 were mixed types of inhibitors. These results suggest that moracin and coumarin derivatives from mulberry leaves are significant sEH inhibitors.

Anti-Melanogenic Effect of Dendropanax morbiferus and Its Active Components via Protein Kinase A/Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate-Responsive Binding Protein- and p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase-Mediated Microphthalmia-Associated Transcription Factor Downregulation.

Dendropanax morbiferus H. Lév has been reported to have some pharmacologic activities and also interested in functional cosmetics. We found that the water extract of D. morbiferus leaves significantly inhibited tyrosinase activity and melanin formation in α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)-induced B16-F10 cells. D. morbiferus reduced melanogenesis-related protein levels, such as microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), TRP-1, and TRP-2, without any cytotoxicity. Two active ingredients of D. morbiferus, (10E)-9,16-dihydroxyoctadeca-10,17-dien-12,14-diynoate (DMW-1) and (10E)-(-)-10,17-octadecadiene-12,14-diyne-1,9,16-triol (DMW-2) were identified by testing the anti-melanogenic effects and then by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) analysis. DMW-1 and DMW-2 significantly inhibited melanogenesis by the suppression of protein kinase A (PKA)/cyclic AMP (cAMP)-responsive binding protein (CREB) and p38 MAPK phosphorylation. DMW-1 showed a better inhibitory effect than DMW-2 in α-MSH-induced B16-F10 cells. D. morbiferus and its active component DMW-1 inhibited melanogenesis through the downregulation of cAMP, p-PKA/CREB, p-p38, MITF, TRP-1, TRP-2, and tyrosinase. These results indicate that D. morbiferus and DMW-1 may be useful ingredients for cosmetics and therapeutic agents for skin hyperpigmentation disorders.

Identification of potential inflammatory inhibitors from Aster tataricus.

Aster tataricus L.f. is a traditional Eastern Asian herbal medicine used for the relief of cough-related illnesses. In this study, 32 known compounds and two novel monoterpene glycosides were isolated from the roots of A. tataricus. With the aid of reported data, elucidation of the root-extract components was carried out using a multitude of spectroscopic techniques. All isolates were investigated for their ability to inhibit nitric oxide (NO) secretion in lipopolysaccharide-activated RAW264.7 cells. Compound 7 remarkably suppressed NO production with an IC50 value of 8.5 µM. In addition, compound 7 exhibited significant inhibitory activity against the production of inflammatory cytokines (prostaglandin E2, interleukin-6, and interleukin-1 beta) and the expression of inflammatory enzymes (inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2) via inhibition of nuclear factor-kappa B activation. Moreover, compound 7 effectively prevented the downstream activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway by inhibiting phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinases, extracellular signal-regulated kinases, and p38. These results outline compound 7 as a potential inhibitor for the broad treatment of inflammatory diseases, such as atopic dermatitis, asthma, and various allergies.

Isolation of Two New Compounds and Other Constituents from Leaves of Piper crocatum and Study of Their Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Activities.

Two new phenolic glucosides, pipercroside A and B (1 and 2), along with 10 known compounds were isolated from the leaves of Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav. Their chemical structures were elucidated through extensive spectroscopic analyses, including 1D and 2D NMR experiments and HR-ESI-MS analysis and comparison with previously reported data. All the isolated compounds were assessed for soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) inhibitory activity. Among them, erigeside II (5) showed inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 58.5 µM.

Research progress of gut microbiota and primary biliary cholangitis / 医学研究生学报

Primary biliary Cholangitis (PBC) is a cholestatic autoimmune liver disease with a prolonged course and poor prognosis. The intestinal micro-ecological system is composed primarily by intestinal mucosa and gut microbiota. The system is closely related to the liver in function and anatomy, mediates the gut-liver axis and participates in maintaining various physiological, immune and metabolic functions of the body. Analysis of the relationship between the gut microbiota and PBC may provide new treatment ideas for clinical treatment of PBC. This article mainly reviews the relationship between gut microbiota imbalance and disease, the interaction of gut microbiota and its metabolites with the liver, and the potential value of fecal microbiota transplantation in the treatment of PBC.

Comparative analysis of a panel of biomarkers related to protein phosphatase 2A between laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma tissues and adjacent normal tissues / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) is the most common type of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) worldwide. Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) dysfunction has been widely reported in a broad range of malignancies due to its distinctive role in miscellaneous cellular processes. However, it is poorly understood whether aberrant alterations of PP2A are involved in the network of oncogenic events in LSCC. Here, we detected a panel of PP2A-associated proteins using western blot in both laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma tissues and paired adjacent normal tissues from patients (Data S1). We found that phospho-PP2A/C (Y307), α4, cancerous inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A (CIP2A), Akt, ezrin, phospho-ezrin (T567), 14-3-3, and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) showed increased expression levels in carcinoma tissues relative to normal tissues, while phospho-Akt (T308) showed decreased levels. Our study, thus, provides a rationale for targeting PP2A to develop novel therapies and proposes a combination of interrelated biomarkers for the diagnostic evaluation and prognosis prediction in LSCC.

Identification of Anti-Melanogenesis Constituents from Morus alba L. Leaves.

The individual parts of Morus alba L. including root bark, branches, leaves, and fruits are used as a cosmetic ingredient in many Asian countries. This study identified several anti-melanogenesis constituents in a 70% ethanol extract of M. alba leaves. The ethyl acetate fraction of the initial ethanol extract decreased the activity of tyrosinase, a key enzyme in the synthetic pathway of melanin. Twelve compounds were isolated from this fraction and their structures were identified based on spectroscopic spectra. Then, the authors investigated the anti-melanogenesis effects of the isolated compounds in B16-F10 mouse melanoma cells. Compounds 3 and 8 significantly inhibited not only melanin production but also intracellular tyrosinase activity in alpha-melanocyte-stimulating-hormone (α-MSH)-induced B16-F10 cells in a dose-dependent manner. These same compounds also inhibited melanogenesis-related protein expression such as microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), tyrosinase, and tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TRP-1). Compound 3 modulated the cAMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB) and p38 signaling pathways in α-MSH-activated B16-F10 melanoma cells, which resulted in the anti-melanogenesis effects. These results suggest that compound 3, isolated from M. alba leaves, could be used to inhibit melanin production via the regulation of melanogenesis-related protein expression.

[Effects of balanced fertilization on growth and fruit quality of 'Huang-guan' pear on desert area.] / å¹³è¡¡æ–½è‚¥å¯¹è’æ¼ åŒºé»„å† æ¢¨ç”Ÿé•¿ä¸Žå“è´¨çš„å½±å“.

A field experiment was carried out to study the effects of balanced fertilization on growth and development, yield, fruit quality and mineral content in 'Huang-guan' pear to provide a theoretical basis for the reasonable level of fertilization in pear orchards. Four treatments were arranged with 12-year old 'Huang-guan' pear trees from the same orchard: conventional fertilization (CK), low levels of N, P2O5 and high level of S (T1), medium levels of N, P2O5 and S (T2), high levels of N, P2O5 and low level of S (T3). The results showed that different treatments had little effect on the growth and development of current-year branch and leaves in the first year. However, in the se-cond year, T1 treatment promoted the length and diameter of current-year branch by 16.2% and 11.4%, respectively. Continuous fertilization could increase the leaf mineral contents in different degrees. The contents of Cu, Fe, and Zn in leaves under T1 treatment, Mg and B in leaves under T2 treatment, and P and Mn in leaves under T3 treatment were highest. Different fertilization levels had no significant effect on yield but on fruit quality. The contents of soluble sugars and vitamin C (Vc) were significantly increased by T2 treatment, which was 4.2% and 7.1% higher than those in CK. However, T1 significantly decreased contents of total soluble solid, soluble sugars and Vc, while highest organic acid content presented in T3. Fruit Fe content was positively correlated with soluble sugar content and fruit shape index, but was negatively correlated with single fruit mass, organic acids and Vc. Fruit P content was positively correlated with fruit shape index and firmness, but was negatively correlated with contents of soluble sugars, organic acids and Vc. Accordingly, T2 could improve fruit quality and maintain the productivity, and thus should be the suitable fertilization strategy for the 'Huang-guan' pear management in desert area.

Anti-allergic inflammatory components from Sanguisorba officinalis L.

Sanguisorba officinalis L. was well known as a traditional herbal medicine to treat inflammation and allergic skin diseases. The aim of this research was to indentify compounds with anti-allergic inflammatory property. Twenty-five compounds (1-25) were isolated from S. officinalis including two new compounds (1 and 8), and their chemical structures were identified by NMR and ESIMS analysis. Consequently, the anti-allergic inflammatory activities of these isolates were investigated by inhibiting ß-hexosaminidase and IL-4 production in PMA/A23187-stimulated RBL-2H3 cells. Compounds 6, 8, 13, 17-18 and 25 significantly inhibited ß-hexosaminidase release and IL-4 production. Additionally, compounds 8, 17 and 25 effectively suppressed the activation of NF-κB and NF-κB p65 translocation into the nucleus. Anti-inflammatory effects of isolated compounds were evaluated in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages, and they showed dramatic inhibition on LPS-induced overproduction of nitric oxide (NO) and TNF-α. Consistently, the protein levels of iNOS and COX-2 were remarkably decreased by the single compounds 8, 13 and 25. These results showed that compounds 8, 13 and 25 from S. officinalis may have a therapeutic potential for allergic inflammatory diseases.

Lipolytic effect of compounds isolated from leaves of mulberry (Morus alba L.) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.

In this study, 19 known compounds were isolated from mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaves. The lipid accumulation inhibitory activity of the isolated compounds was investigated. Compounds 4 and 12 showed good anti-adipogenic activity based on 3T3-L1 adipocytes with values of 36.6 ± 9.0 and 34.7 ± 4.0%, respectively. In addition, compounds 3, 6 and 15 showed significant inhibitory activity with values from 15.4 to 21.2% and compounds 2, 8-9 and 17-18 exhibited weak activity with values ranging from 2.1 to 10.7% at a concentration of 40.0 µM. These results show the potentiality that mulberry leaf is an excellent inhibitory phytochemical source against lipid accumulation.

Standardization of extract mixture of Chaenomeles sinensis and Phyllostachys bambusoides for anti-obesity by HPLC-UV.

JM-101 is a developed functional food formula using water extract of Chaenomeles sinensis and Phyllostachys bambusoides for anti-obesity. Standardization and quality control of herb mixture is more difficult than those of single herb. Additionally, the estimation of mixing ratio is an essential requirement for standardization. This study aimed to develop an efficient analytical method for the standardization of JM-101 based on C. sinensis and P. bambusoides. Protocatechuic acid and p-coumaric acid were selected as marker compounds of JM-101. A mixture of the two medicinal materials (1:1 w/w) was extracted by water and then liquid-liquid extracted (LLE) by ethyl acetate. The supernatant was evaporated to dryness and dissolved in methanol for analysis. The extraction time, material-to-water ratio and ethyl acetate-to-water ratio were optimized by multi-response optimization based on response surface methodology (RSM). The established methods were validated in terms of linearity, precision, accuracy, repeatability, stability and recovery. The novel method based on LLE and RSM provides a sensitive, accurate analysis and excellent extraction efficiency of marker compounds in JM-101, without interruption of other compounds in JM-101. In conclusion, the developed simultaneous analytical method contributes to the standardization of two materials (C. sinensis and P. bambusoides) and JM-101.

Gene chip technology used in the detection of HPV infection in esophageal cancer of Kazakh Chinese in Xinjiang Province / 华中科技大学学报（医学）（英德文版）

This study was aimed to screen human papillomavirus (HPV) types associated with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma of Kazakh in Xinjiang using the gene chip technique and study the clinical significance of this application. The DNAs were collected from esophageal squamous cell carcinoma tissues and healthy esophageal mucosa of Kazakh adults in Xinjiang, and amplified firstly using HPV MY09/11 and then using HPV G5+/6+ to screen positive HPV specimens. These positive specimens were further detected by the gene chip technique to screen highly pathogenic HPV types. After determination with nested PCR amplification with HPV MY09/11 and G5+/6+, the infection rate of HPV was 66.67% in the esophageal squamous cell carcinoma group and 12.12% in the healthy control group. By testing the positive HPV specimens from the esophageal squamous cell carcinoma group, the infection rate of HPV16 was 97.72% and the co-infection rate of HPV16 and HPV18 was 2.27%. HPV16 infection may be involved in the development of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in Xinjiang Hazakh adults.

Gene chip technology used in the detection of HPV infection in esophageal cancer of Kazakh Chinese in Xinjiang Province / 华中科技大学学报（医学）（英德文版）

This study was aimed to screen human papillomavirus (HPV) types associated with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma of Kazakh in Xinjiang using the gene chip technique and study the clinical significance of this application. The DNAs were collected from esophageal squamous cell carcinoma tissues and healthy esophageal mucosa of Kazakh adults in Xinjiang, and amplified firstly using HPV MY09/11 and then using HPV G5+/6+ to screen positive HPV specimens. These positive specimens were further detected by the gene chip technique to screen highly pathogenic HPV types. After determination with nested PCR amplification with HPV MY09/11 and G5+/6+, the infection rate of HPV was 66.67% in the esophageal squamous cell carcinoma group and 12.12% in the healthy control group. By testing the positive HPV specimens from the esophageal squamous cell carcinoma group, the infection rate of HPV16 was 97.72% and the co-infection rate of HPV16 and HPV18 was 2.27%. HPV16 infection may be involved in the development of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in Xinjiang Hazakh adults.

Influence of the depth of retained denatured dermis on the survival rate of grafted skin in burn swine with deep partial-thickness burn / 中华烧伤杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the influence of the thickness of retained denatured dermis on the survival rate of grafted skin in swine with deep partial-thickness burn.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Four deep partial-thickness wounds were reproduced respectively on both sides of spine in 7 Chinese domestic pigs. The wounds of 6 pigs were divided into 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00 mm groups with 12 wounds in each group according to the random number table. Tangential excision and auto-skin grafting were performed. Before the tangential excision, 1 tissue specimen was harvested from the center of each remaining wound for the estimation of the depth of burn, and histological observation was done. After the tangential excision, 1 tissue specimen was harvested from the area near the center of each wound for the measurement of the depth of retained denatured dermis with histological examination. The 8 wounds of one pig were set as the control group, and the operation was done, and then they were treated with exposure treatment after biopsy specimens were taken with above-mentioned method. The general condition of wounds in 5 groups was observed from immediately after injury to post injury month (PIM) 3. On post injury day (PID) 7, the survival rate of grafted skin was observed in 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00 mm groups. Wound healing time was recorded. At PIM 3, the specimens were harvested from the wounds of 5 groups, and their ultra microstructures were observed by transmission electron microscope. Data were processed with rank-sum test, one-way analysis of variance, and LSD test.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The depth of the burn tissue was (1.120 ± 0.211) mm. The depths of retained denatured dermis in 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00 mm groups were respectively (0.830 ± 0.031), (0.701 ± 0.010), (0.382 ± 0.031), and (0.141 ± 0.040) mm. At PID 8, all grafted skin in 0.25 and 0.50 mm groups became necrotic; most grafted skin in 0.75 mm group was necrotic; most grafted skin in 1.00 mm group survived with only a few became necrotic and separated from the wounds. The scabs were gradually separated from the wounds of control group. On PID 15, the grafted skin which did not survive in 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 mm groups was gradually separated from the wounds with exudate forming scab on the surface in varying degrees, while the wounds in 1.00 mm group were all healed, and the incidence of scabs formation was highest in control group. At PIM 3, scar contraction was found in 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 mm groups and control group, while no obvious scar was observed in 1.00 mm group. There were statistically significant differences in the survival rate of grafted skin in 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00 mm groups (χ(2) = 19.421, P < 0.001). The survival rate was the highest in 1.00 mm group [70% (60%, 80%)], while the survival rate was 20% (0, 30%) in 0.75 mm group, and it was in both 0.25 and 0.50 mm groups with non-survival of all the grafted skin. There were statistically significant differences in the wound healing time among 5 groups (F = 41.450, P < 0.001). The wound healing time in 0.25 and 0.50 mm groups were respectively (18.2 ± 1.5), and (18.7 ± 2.3) d, not statistically significant different from that of control group [(18.4 ± 1.7) d, P values both above 0.05]. The wound healing time in 0.75 mm group [(14.9 ± 2.6) d] was significantly different from those of 0.25, 0.50 mm groups and control group (P values all below 0.01). The wound healing time in 1.00 mm group [(9.5 ± 1.2) d] was significantly shorter compared with that of the other 4 groups (P values all below 0.01). Before tangential excision, the zone of infiltration of the inflammatory cells was observed in the deep dermis of wounds in 5 groups. After tangential excision and before auto-skin grafting, the depth from the fault surface to the zone of infiltration of the inflammatory cells varied in 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00 mm groups while more inflammatory cells were observed in control group. At PIM 3, many fibroblasts were observed in the dermis of wounds in 1.00 mm group with abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum and basically intact organelles.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Performing autologous skin grafting on deep partial-thickness burn, in which the depth of retained denatured dermis was 0.10 mm, may help regenerate dermal function and alleviate scar formation.</p>

Comparative analysis of Brucellosis epidemic between Shanxi province and the country / 中国地方病学杂志

Objective To analyze the Brucellosis incidence and to predict the trends of the disease in Shanxi province and the national in recent years,which could provide the reference for surveillance,prevention and control of the disease.Methods Brucellosis data which was reported monthly during January 2006 and December 2010 in Shanxi province and the data released by Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention during January 2005 and December 2010 were collected.Several indexes,such as the annual increasing number,the development rate,growth rate and other indicators were applied to compare Shanxi province with the national Brucellosis epidemic in recent years.What's more,the seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average model (ARIMA) was fitted respectively with the data of Brucellosis incident number reported monthly,so as to predict the prevalence status in the coming two years by verifying the fitting effect.Results Brucellosis prevalence of Shanxi province reached the peak in 2008,and the incidence number was 5397,which was 900 more than 2007.From the onset of decline after 2008,the prevalence decreased by 17.67％ (906/5128) in 2010.However,national incidence of Brucellosis kept increasing before 2009 and the prevalence increased rapidly from 2007 to 2008,and the growth rate reached 39.16％ (8442/21 560).Although the number of Brucellosis fell by 2041 cases in 2010 than in 2009,the rate of decline was only 5.14％(2041/37 734).The fastigium of Brucellosis was from May to July yearly whether Shanxi province or the country.The ARIMA models of Shanxi province and the nation were ARIMA [(1,0,1)(1,1,0)12] and ARIMA[(1,0,1)(0,1,1)12],respectively,according to the incidence numbers reported monthly.The fitting effect of models showed that the predicted values of the two models were both consistent with the actual situation and all predicted values fell within the 95％ confidence limits,which depicted that they both fitted well.The predicted values depict that the incidence of Brucellosis overall trend was basically stable in Shanxi province,while the numbers in the nation would increase in a small extent in 2011 and 2012.The fastigium of Brucellosis was still from May to July yearly.Conclusions Brucellosis control measures are effective in Shanxi province,incidence of Brucellosis declining.The ARIMA model could predict the number of Brucellosis well,which can provide a valuable reference for the predication and evaluation of Brucellosis epidemic in the future.