A qualitative study on high risk behaviors of HIV/AIDS among young adult males in Shandong Province / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To identify high risk behaviors and infection related factors among young adult males diagnosed with HIV/AIDS in Shandong Province, to provide evidence for targeted AIDS prevention and control strategies.@*Methods@#By using convient sampling method, an face to face in depth interview on HIV related behaviors was conducted among young adult males newly diagnosed with HIV/AIDS in Shandong Province in July 2021.@*Results@#A total of 31 young adult males diagnosed with HIV/AIDS were interviewed. All were male and infected through homosexuality behavior. Average age was (20.6±1.8) years. Totally 90.3% (28/31) were enrolled in tertiary education at the time of diagnosis. The findings revealed that 93.5% (29/31) of participants got infection due to unprotected homosexual behavior with the temporary partner whose HIV infection status was unknown, and 86.2% (25/29) got in touch with these temporary partner by social software. The awareness rate of knowledge about AIDS among all the participants was 100%, however, 83.9% (26/31) reported occasion condom usage while having homosexual behavior, and 16.1% (5/31) never did. Totally 74.2% (23/31) of the young adult males diagnosed with HIV/AIDS had a history of HIV testing before diagnosis.@*Conclusion@#The primary high risk behavior of HIV infection in young adult students are unawareness of HIV infection status for temporary sexual partner and the separation of knowing and doing. A targeted strategy should be developed to control the spread of HIV in young adult students.

Analysis of serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D levels in children aged 0-6 years in Gansu Province / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To analyze the status of serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D[25 (OH)D] in children aged 0-6 years in Gansu Province, and to analyze the relationships between 25 (OH)D and age, seasonal characteristics and physical development, so as to provide a scientific reference for supplementing vitamin D for children in due time.@*Methods@#Stratified random cluster sampling method was used to select a total of 9 790 children aged 0-6 years from 6 cities and prefectures maternity and child health institutions in Gansu Province for health examination from January 2019 to December 2020. Serum 25 (OH)D concentration from 1 mL peripheral blood was tested by enzyme linked immunoassay. Subjects were classified into overweight and normal figure groups based on weight for height.@*Results@#the serum 25 (OH)D level M(P 25 ,P 75 ) of the children aged 0-6 was 81.31(63.14, 95.86)nmol/L. The detection rate of 25 (OH)D deficiency and insufficiency was 45.11%. The serum 25 (OH)D level of children 4- 6 years old was significantly lower than that of infants <1 year old and children 1-<4 years old, and the detection rate of 25 (OH)D deficiency and insufficiency was highest among 4-6 years old( χ 2=83.67, P <0.05). In winter the proportion of 25 (OH)D insufficiency and deficiency was highest (55.82%) ( χ 2=194.12, P <0.01). For overweight children, the abnormal rate of 25 (OH)D (19.83%) was significantly higher in autumn ( P <0.01).@*Conclusion@#Children s vitamin D levels were associated with age, season and physical development. Vitamin D surveillance should be focused on ages less than 1 year old and above 4 years old, winter should be an important season. For overweight children, autumn should be the focus period for vitamin D deficiency prevention.

Rac1 Modulates Excitatory Synaptic Transmission in Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells.

Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1), a member of the Rho GTPase family which plays important roles in dendritic spine morphology and plasticity, is a key regulator of cytoskeletal reorganization in dendrites and spines. Here, we investigated whether and how Rac1 modulates synaptic transmission in mouse retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) using selective conditional knockout of Rac1 (Rac1-cKO). Rac1-cKO significantly reduced the frequency of AMPA receptor-mediated miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents, while glycine/GABAA receptor-mediated miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents were not affected. Although the total GluA1 protein level was increased in Rac1-cKO mice, its expression in the membrane component was unchanged. Rac1-cKO did not affect spine-like branch density in single dendrites, but significantly reduced the dendritic complexity, which resulted in a decrease in the total number of dendritic spine-like branches. These results suggest that Rac1 selectively affects excitatory synaptic transmission in RGCs by modulating dendritic complexity.

Prediction of maternal and child health care indicators in China based on GM(1,1) model / 中华疾病控制杂志

Objective To study the predictive effect of model ［GM(1,1)］ in China’s maternal and child health indicators, and to predict the future maternal and child health indicators in a short-term, and provide a scientific basis for the gradual improvement of maternal and child health care services in China. Methods The maternal mortality rate (MMR), neonatal mortality rate (NMR), infant mortality rate (IMR) and under-five mortality rate (U5MR) were collected from 2008 to 2017 in China. Models were established and MATLAB 2018b software was used for predictive analysis. Results The prediction models of maternal mortality rate, neonatal mortality rate, infant mortality rate and under-five mortality rate were as follows: x

The trends of maternal mortality in China and principal component analysis of health status / 中华疾病控制杂志

Objective To describe the trend of maternal mortality in China from 2005 to 2015, and analyze the maternal health status in various regions of China in 2015, so as to provide scientific basis for the rational allocation of health resources by relevant departments. Methods The dynamic series method was used to describe the trend of maternal mortality in China from 2005 to 2015. The principal component analysis method was used to evaluate the maternal health status in China in 2015. Results From 2005 to 2015, the maternal mortality in the whole country and urban and rural areas showed a downward trend. The average growth rate was respectively -0.0756, -0.0210, -0.0852. The majority of the coastal provinces and cities had a balanced development of maternal health care, and Jiangsu Province had two main component values ranked first (F1=218.3, F2=60.6). Conclusion China’s maternal health care industry have achieved remarkable results. The development direction should be shifted from coastal to inland, laying a good foundation for the realization of the next goal in the future.

Involvement of mGluR I in EphB/ephrinB reverse signaling activation induced retinal ganglion cell apoptosis in a rat chronic hypertension model.

EphB/ephrinB reverse signaling is involved in retinal ganglion cell (RGC) apoptosis in experimental glaucoma. Here, we further investigated the mechanisms underlying EphB/ephrinB reverse signaling activation induced RGC apoptosis in a rat chronic ocular hypertension (COH) model, using patch-clamp techniques in retinal slices. In COH retinas, RGCs showed higher spontaneous firing frequency and much more depolarized membrane potential as compared to control, which was mimicked by intravitreally injection of EphB2-Fc, an activator of ephrinB2. The changes in RGC spontaneous firing and membrane potential could be reversed by the tyrosine kinase inhibitor PP2, suggesting that EphB/ephrinB reverse signaling activation induced RGC hyperexcitability. Intravitreal pre-injection of either LY367385 or MPEP, selective mGluR1 and mGluR5 antagonists, also blocked the changes in RGC spontaneous firing and membrane potential. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments showed an interaction between ephrinB2 and group I metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR I) (mGluR1/mGluR5). Furthermore, intravitreal pre-injection of the mixture of L-NAME (an NO synthase inhibitor) and XPro1595 (a selective inhibitor of soluble TNF-α) could reduce the EphB2-Fc injection induced increase in RGC firing, suggesting that Müller cells might be involved in EphB/ephrinB reverse signaling activation induced change in RGC hyperexcitability. In addition, LY367385/MPEP reduced the numbers of TUNEL-positive RGCs both in EphB2-Fc injected and COH retinas. All results suggest that activation of EphB/ephrinB reverse signaling induces RGC hyperexcitability and apoptosis by interacting with mGluR I in COH rats. Appropriate reduction of EphB/ephrinB reverse signaling could alleviate the loss of RGCs in glaucoma.

Activation of dopamine D1 receptors enhances the temporal summation and excitability of rat retinal ganglion cells.

Dopamine (DA), an important neurotransmitter and neuromodulator, plays important roles in neuronal physiological functions by activating G-protein-coupled DA D1 and/or D2 receptors. Previous studies have demonstrated that D1 receptors are functionally expressed in retinal neurons and glial cells, including ganglion cells. In this study, we explored the effects of D1 receptor activation on retinal ganglion cell (RGC) temporal summation and excitability in rat retinal slices using electrophysiological techniques. Bath application of the selective D1 receptor agonist SKF81297 increased the ratio of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) (EPSP5/EPSP1) within an EPSP train evoked by a train stimulation (five current pulses at 40Hz), which was blocked by co-application of SCH23390, a specific D1 receptor antagonist. Ba2+, an inwardly rectifying K+ channel (Kir) blocker, significantly suppressed the SKF81297-induced effect, whereas ZD7288, a specific hyperpolarization-activated cation current (Ih) blocker, showed a moderate inhibitory effect. The cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) signaling pathway, but not phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC), mediated the SKF81297-induced modulation of EPSP temporal summation. Further experiments showed that SKF81297 suppressed Ba2+-sensitive Kir currents in RGCs. Additionally, SKF81297 increased the spontaneous firing frequency of RGCs, and caused depolarization of the cells with or without the presence of synaptic receptor blockers. In contrast, SKF81297 did not significantly change the frequency of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) recorded in RGCs. Our results indicate that D1 receptor activation enhances the temporal summation of RGCs mainly by suppressing Kir currents through the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway, thus increasing the excitability of rat RGCs.

An ultrasonographic study of the correlation between developmental dysplasia of the hip and congenital muscular torticollis in children / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the significance of early screening of pediatric developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) and congenital muscular torticollis (CMT) using ultrasonography and establish a simultaneous screening model for pediatric DDH and CMT.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From January, 2013 to January, 2016, a total of 5060 pediatric patients with suspected DDH and CMT underwent ultrasonic examinations. The diagnostic results of the two diseases were classified into different clinical types, and Chi-square test was used to analyze the one-way relationship between different types of DDH and CMT; correspondence analysis was used for multivariate analysis of the variables. Chi-square test was used to analyze the difference between the detection rates in suspected CMT patients and the normal population.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>GrafIIa type DDH was associated with mass-type CMT in the children (χ=331.800, P<0.001). DDH of GrafIIb, GrafIIc, Graf III, and Graf IV types were related with non-tumor type of CMT. The children with a suspected diagnosis of CMT showed a significantly higher detection rate of DDH than the normal subjects (χ=321.889, P<0.001).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>DDH is closely related with CMT. Early simultaneous screening of DDH and CMT can help to improve the early diagnosis rate of CMT in children.</p>

Renal artery injury caused by Kawasaki disease / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate renal artery injury caused by Kawasaki disease (KD).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Forty-three children with KD were enrolled in the study. According to the blood pressure in the acute stage, these children were classified into normal blood pressure subgroup and increased blood pressure subgroup. Eighteen children with fever caused by acute upper respiratory tract infection were enrolled as the control group. The diameter of the origin of the main renal artery, hemodynamic parameters of the main renal artery and the renal interlobar artery, rennin activity, and levels of angiotensin II and aldosterone were compared between groups.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>During the acute stage of KD, both subgroups had a significantly smaller diameter of the origin of the main renal artery, a significantly higher resistance index (RI) of the main renal artery, and a significantly lower end-diastolic velocity (EDV) than the control group (P<0.05).The increased blood pressure subgroup had a significantly lower EDV of the interlobar artery than the normal blood pressure subgroup, a significantly higher RI than the normal blood pressure subgroup and the control group, as well as a significantly higher rennin activity and significantly higher levels of angiotensin II and aldosterone than the normal blood pressure subgroup (P<0.05). A significantly increased EDV and a significantly reduced RI of the renal interlobar artery were observed in the increased blood pressure subgroup in the subacute stage compared with the acute stage (P<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>KD may cause renal artery injury and early hemodynamic changes, resulting in a transient increase in blood pressure in some patients.</p>

Risk factors related to infantile spastic cerebral palsy among 145 cases / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To study the risk factors related to spastic type of cerebral palsy through a screening program.Methods With a 1 ∶ 2 matched case-control study design,145 cases were selected from the Cerebral Palsy Treatment and Management Center in Heilongjiang Province from Dec.,2007 through May 2009.Another 290 cases of children as control group were chosen from the First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University,in the same period.Controls were excluded the central nervous system diseases,matching with cases at the age differences no more than 3 months,with same sex and ethnicity.Questionnaire survey was used to access relevant information,while logistic regression analysis was used to screen the risk factors.Results Data from Single factor logistic regression analysis notified 39 items as statistically significant factors.Through multivariate logistic regression analysis,11 factors in all the cerebral palsy cases,and incidence of cerebral palsy risk factors related to low or high birth weight were discovered as follows:mother with college degree,newborns with high muscle tone,skin color as purple,taking antipyretic analgesics drugs during pregnancy,experience significant events during pregnancy,situation of environment pollution around the house,having intracranial hemorrhage and birth asphyxia,fetal distress during pregnancy or neonatal stage etc.Conclusion Pre/Nconatal factors were closely related to cerebral palsy,suggesting that health care knowledge be popularized and related management be strengthened,to reduce the cerebral palsy incidence in the newborns.